Gek1522 Essay

Ever since the advent of industrialization, there has been an increase in the emission of several greenhouse gases (GHG) mainly due to the burning of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide emissions account for 80% of global warming of GHG emission, as compared with 57% in the 1980s (Lashof & Ahuja, 1990). Panwar, Kaushik & Kothari (2011) also states that excessive fossil fuel consumption will have adverse impacts on the environment, and increase threat of global climate change. Fortunately, more and more countries are starting to be aware of climate change, which comes as a result of the increase of emission of GHG.Therefore, various proposals to reduce emission of GHG have been drawn up to suggest possible solutions to reduce the impact of climate change. While all of these proposals are useful to reduce emission of GHG, some will be more practical and effective due to other problems, which may arise. One of these proposals includes developing more non-polluting renewable energy sources (RES ). This is a practical way to reduce the impact of climate change as it directly reduces GHG emissions. Currently, RES supply 14% of the total world energy demand (Panwar et. l. , 2011). RES includes biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind and marine energies. By harnessing energy from RES, dependence on conventional energy sources that produce GHG will be reduced. For example, solar energy is the most abundant RES and is available as both direct and indirect form. Solar energy can be used directly in solar thermal applications, or indirectly in photovoltaic systems to generate electricity. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission mitigation potential from 1. kWp solar pump is about 2085kg from diesel-operated pumps (Panwar et. al. , 2011). Therefore, by using RES, we can directly reduce the GHG emissions by moving away from energy sources that produce GHG. This is also the most practical solution as RES are readily available and abundant all around us. What needs to be done is to build t he infrastructure required to harness RES so we can become less reliant on GHG-producing energy sources and thus reduce GHG emissions. Another such proposal involves reforestation to â€Å"soak up† more CO2.Reforestation is the next most effective solution as it also deals with removing CO2 emissions directly from the atmosphere. Trees have the ability to absorb CO2 and convert it to stable carbon â€Å"sinks† in the form of biomass stored in trunks, branches and organic matter in the soils (Moulton & Andrasko, 1990). This carbon â€Å"sequestration† is important as it removes CO2 in the atmosphere and locks it in wood that can be used for furniture and other construction applications. In addition, reforestation offers an opportunity for emission control investments (Niskanen, 1997).However, it may not be as practical as developing more non-polluting RES as reforestation requires a large area of land and not many countries will be willing to give up land space, which could potentially bring economic benefit. Also, reforestation efforts are expensive. According to Moulton and Andrasko (1990), a budget of $65 million is proposed in the USA for the President’s proposed tree-planting initiative. This huge amount coupled with limited economic benefits the country will gain from reforestation may deter governments from supporting the proposal.Thus, while reforestation provides a sink for CO2, it may not be a practical solution due to economic and land concerns. Governments must be able to prioritise the long-term environmental benefits involved to make better decisions. The next proposal involves reducing energy use by conservation. By reducing energy use by conservation, the global energy demand will be reduced, and thus less non-renewable energy sources will be burnt at power plants, reducing GHG emissions. This is another possible solution to reduce GHG emissions.For example, this can come by using solid-state lighting instead of incan descent bulbs. Government agencies have introduced policies to conserve energy usage through more efficient use of energy (Sen, Khazanov & Kishimoto, 2011). Incandescent light bulbs typically convert 5% of energy into visible light. Solid-state light-emitting semiconductors promise to offer conversion efficiencies of 50% or more (Sen et. al. , 2011). However, the success of this solution is dependent on the collective mindset of the community on a global scale.This will require time and education to encourage reduced energy use through conservation. In addition, with an increasing number of countries becoming more affluent, the global energy demand will increase. Therefore, reduction of energy use by conservation is limited to the affluence of the country, and research can then be used to develop more efficient technology to reduce energy use. This is harder to achieve, as it is more difficult to develop a culture to conserve energy, than to convince governments on reforestation.The next proposal involves adding more nuclear power plants to replace current conventional coal-burning power plants. Nuclear energy provides carbon free production of electrical energy, and produces much more energy than conventional energy sources (Grandin, Jagers & Kullander, 2010). One uranium fuel pellet contains the same amount of energy as 1,780 pounds of coal or 149 gallons of oil (Palliser, 2012). Thus, much more energy can be generated from a small amount of nuclear source. Nuclear waste is small in physical size compared to waste produced by other forms of energy (Palliser, 2012).While this provides a clean source of energy and reduces the emission of GHG, it may not be the most practical idea due to the concerns of radioactivity. Nuclear waste has to be stored in steel-lined, concrete vaults filled with water or in aboveground steel or steel-reinforced concrete containers with steel inner canisters (EPA, 2010). In addition, uranium is a nonrenewable resource that cannot be replenished on a human timescale. Fossil fuel emissions are also associated with uranium mining and enrichment process and the transport of uranium fuel to the nuclear power plant (EPA, 2010).Therefore while nuclear power plants produce zero GHG, the processes involved may still produce GHG. The radioactive risks involving the waste and storage could become another environmental problem. Hence, while adding more nuclear power plants will definitely reduce GHG emissions, it is not very practical as it will create numerous environmental problems as mentioned above. The last proposal involves removing carbon in fossil fuels before combustion and â€Å"sequestering† that carbon in underground reservoirs. This involves hydrogen production from fossil fuels that include steam reforming and water gas shift (Steinberg, 1999).In order to suppress CO2 emission from the steam reforming process, CO2 must be sequestered underground. This removes CO2 emission into the atmosphere, thereby reducing GHG emissions making it an effective solution to reduce GHG emissions. However, such a process involves higher cost and lower efficiency (Hetland, 2008) making this solution is the least practical as up to 40% of the energy is lost through â€Å"sequestering† in underground (Steinberg, 1999). Therefore the efficiency of such a solution is compromised, as it is not as efficient as conventional coal burning.In addition, by â€Å"sequestering† carbon in underground reservoirs, these reservoirs are susceptible to leaks and this gas might be released again. Also, fossil fuels are considered non-renewable energy sources and therefore such a solution is only effective so long as there are such resources. Therefore, this is the least practical and least efficient solution available. In conclusion, even though there are many solutions to reduce GHG emissions, critical analysis of each proposal is required to determine which solution is the most practical and the most e fficient, according to the local constraints and economic cost-benefit analysis.Ultimately, the onus is on governments to recognise the impact of each possible proposal, and to decide which path to take in terms of reducing GHG emissions to reduce the impact of climate change. References Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2010. Nuclear energy, Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 29/03/2013 from http://www. epa. gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/nuclear. html Grandin, K. , Jagers, P. , Kullander, S. (2010). Nuclear energy. A Journal of the Human Environment, 39, 26-30. Hetland, J. (2008).Assessment of pre-combustion decarbonisation schemes for polygeneration from fossil fuels. Clean Technology Environmental Policy, 11, 37-48. Lashof, D. A. , Ahuja, D. R. (1990). Relative contributions of greenhouse gas emissions to global warming. Nature, 344, 529-531. Moulton, R. J. , Andrasko, K. (1990). Reforestation. EPA Journal, 16 (2), 14-16. Niskanen, A. (1997). Value of external environmental impacts of reforestation in Thailand. Ecological Economics, 26 (1998), 287-297. Palliser, J. (2012). Nuclear Energy. Science Scope January 2012, 14-18.Panwar, N. L. , Kaushik, S. C. , Kothari, S. (2011) Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 1513-1524. Sen, S. , Khazanov, G. , Kishimoto, Y. (2011) Environment, renewable energy and reduced carbon emissions. Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids: Incorporating Plasma Science and Plasma Technology, 166 (10,) 834-842. Steinberg, M. (1999). Fossil Fuel decarbonisation technology for mitigating global warming. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 24 (8), 771-777.

Alternative Obligation Essay

GENERAL RULE: The right to choose belongs to the debtor/ obligor Except: When the right has been expressly granted to the creditor Right of choice of debtor not absolute. LIMITATION ON THE DEBTOR’S CHOICE (1) The debtor cannot choose those prestations which are (a) impossible , (b) unlawful ,or (c) which could not have been the object of the obligation. (2) Only one prestation is practicable (3) The debtor cannot choose part of one prestation and part of another prestation. (Art 1199) Communication of notice that choice has been made * The debtor must choose and communicate his choice to the creditor. * The alternative obligation will be converted into a simple obligation * The proof and form of notice may be made by orally or in writing, expressly or implied. Effect when only one is practicable * The debtor loses his right of choice when only one alternative prestation is practicable of performance. When debtor may rescind contract * If the debtor could not make a choice due to the creditor’s act of making prestations impossible, debtor may RESCIND the contract with damages. Rescission creates the obligation to return the things which were the object of the contact together with their fruits, and the price with its interest. * If the debtor is being prevented to choose only a particular prestation, and there are other available, he is free to choose from them, after notifying the creditor of his decision The effects of loss or impossibility of the alternative prestation BEFORE the right of choice is exercised. * Once the debtor has communicated his choice of alternative prestation to be performed to the creditor, the obligation becomes simple * If the chosen alternative is lost without the fault of the debtor, the obligation will be extinguished. * If the chosen alternative is lost due to the fault of the debtor, the obligation will be converted into monetary consideration in the form of damages. * Effect if one or some of the alternative prestations in the alternative obligation are lost BEFORE the debtor has communicated his choice to creditor * The consequence will really depend upon whether the right of choice was given to the debtor or to the creditor. A. When the right of choice belongs to the DEBTOR * If the loss is due to FORTUITOUS EVENT a) If all alternative prestation are lost, the alternative obligation extinguished. (Article 1174) b) If two or more alternative prestations remain, the debtor can still exercise his right of choice and choose from any remaining alternative prestation(Article 1200) c) If only one of alternatives remain, there is no more alternative obligation but only a simple obligation. * If loss is due to DEBTOR’s FAULT a) If all the alternative prestation are lost, the alternative obligation is converted into monetary consideration as indemnity for damages. The basis for the computation of the amount to be paid by the debtor will be the value of the last thing or service lost plus damages. b) If two or more of alternative prestation remain, the debtor can still exercise his right of choice and choose from any of the remaining alternatives (ART 1200) c) If only one alternatives remain, there is no more alternative obligation but only simple obligation. B. When the right of choice belongs to the CREDITOR * If the loss is due to a FORTUITOUS EVENT The effect s are the same as where the right of choice belongs to debtor * If the loss is due to DEBTOR’S FAULT a. If all the alternative prestations are lost, the alternative obligation is converted into monetary consideration as indemnity for damages. The basis for the computation of the amount to be paid by the debtor will be the value of any of object chosen by the creditor (because he is given the right of choice) plus damages. b. If two or more prestations remain, the obligation is still alternative . The creditor has the option to either: b. 1 choose from among the remaining alternatives b. 2 chose the lost object. The debtor will be then liable for the value of lost object chosen by the creditor plus the damages. FACULTATIVE OBLIGATION. * is one where only one prestation has been agreed upon but the obligor may render another in substitution * The right of choice belongs only to the DEBTOR * Once the substitution is made, the obligation is converted into a simple one to deliver or perform the substituted prestation. * The substitution also becomes effective only from the time the debtor communicates to creditor his choice to perform the substituted prestation. Alternative and Faculative Obligations Distinguised The differences are as follows : 1) Number of prestations Alternative- several prestation are due but compliance with one is sufficient. Faculative- only one prestation is due although the debtor is allowed to substitute 2) Right of choice Alternative- the right of choice may given to creditor or third person Faculative- the right to make substitution is given only to the debtor 3) Loss through a fortuitous event Alternative- the loss of one or more through a fortuitous event does not extinguish the obligation Faculative- the loss of the thing due extinguishes the obligation 4) Loss through fault of debtor a) Alternative- the loss of one through the fault of debtor does not render him liable. Faculative- the loss of the thing due through his fault makes him liable b) Alternative- where the choice belongs to the creditor, the loss of one alternative through the fault of the debtor gives rise to liability. Faculative- the loss of the substitute before substitution through the fault of the debtor does not render him liable. Effect on loss of the thing in Facultative Obligation BEFORE SUBSTITUTION * The debtor is not liable if the substitute prestation is lost whether due to his fault or to a fortuitous event. * If the original prestation is lost by virtue of a fortuitous event, the obligation is extinguished. AFTER SUBSTITUTION * The debtor is not liable if the original prestation is lost whether due to his fault or to a fortuitous event. * If the substitute is lost, the liability of the debtor depends upon whether or not the loss is due to his fault. FACULTATIVE OBLIGATION * is one where only one prestation has been agreed upon but the obligor may render another in substitution * The right of choice belongs only to the DEBTOR * Once the substitution is made, the obligation is converted into a simple one to deliver or perform the substituted prestation. * The substitution also becomes effective only from the time the debtor communicates to creditor his choice to perform the substituted prestation. Alternative and Faculative Obligations Distinguised The differences are as follows : 5) Number of prestations Alternative- several prestation are due but compliance with one is sufficient. Faculative- only one prestation is due although the debtor is allowed to substitute 6) Right of choice Alternative- the right of choice may given to creditor or third person Faculative- the right to make substitution is given only to the debtor 7) Loss through a fortuitous event. Alternative- the loss of one or more through a fortuitous event does not extinguish the obligation Faculative- the loss of the thing due extinguishes the obligation 8) Loss through fault of debtor c) Alternative- the loss of one through the fault of debtor does not render him liable Faculative- the loss of the thing due through his fault makes him liable d) Alternative- where the choice belongs to the creditor, the loss of one alternative through the fault of the debtor gives rise to liability. Faculative- the loss of the substitute before substitution through the fault of the debtor does not render him liable. Effect on loss of the thing in Facultative Obligation BEFORE SUBSTITUTION * The debtor is not liable if the substitute prestation is lost whether due to his fault or to a fortuitous event. * If the original prestation is lost by virtue of a fortuitous event, the obligation is extinguished. AFTER SUBSTITUTION * The debtor is not liable if the original prestation is lost whether due to his fault or to a fortuitous event. * If the substitute is lost, the liability of the debtor depends upon whether or not the loss is due to his fault.

Barack Obama - Democratic National Convention Keynote Address (2004)

Barack Obama 2004 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address delivered 27 July 2004, Fleet Center, Boston Tonight is a particular honor for me because, let’s face it, my presence on this stage is pretty unlikely. My father was a foreign student, born and raised in a small village in Kenya. He grew up herding goats, went to school in a tin-roof shack. His father my grandfather was a cook, a domestic servant to the British. But my grandfather had larger dreams for his son. Through hard work and perseverance my father got a scholarship to study in a magical place, America, that shone as a beacon of freedom and opportunity to so many who had come before. While studying here, my father met my mother. She was born in a town on the other side of the world, in Kansas. Her father worked on oil rigs and farms through most of the Depression. The day after Pearl Harbor my grandfather signed up for duty; joined Patton’s army, marched across Europe. Back home, my grandmother raised a baby and went to work on a bomber assembly line. After the war, they studied on the G.I. Bill, bought a house through F.H.A., and later moved west all the way to Hawaii in search of opportunity. And they, too, had big dreams for their daughter. A common dream, born of two continents. My parents shared not only an improbable love, they shared an abiding faith in the possibilities of this nation. They would give me an African name, Barack, or †blessed,† believing that in a tolerant America your name is no barrier to success. They imagined They imagined me going to the best schools in the land, even though they weren’t rich, because in a generous America you don’t have to be rich to achieve your potential. Theyre both passed away now. And yet, I know that on this night they look down on me with great pride. They stand here, and I stand here today, grateful for the diversity of my heritage, aware that my parents’ dreams live on in my two precious daughters. I stand here knowing that my story is part of the larger American story, that I owe a debt to all of those who came before me, and that, in no other country on earth, is my story even possible. Tonight, we gather to affirm the greatness of our Nation not because of the height of our skyscrapers, or the power of our military, or the size of our economy. Our pride is based on a very simple premise, summed up in a declaration made over two hundred years ago: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That is the true genius of America, a faith a faith in simple dreams, an insistence on small miracles; that we can tuck in our children at night and know that they are fed and clothed and safe from harm; that we can say what we think, write what we think, without hearing a sudden knock on the door; that we can have an idea and start our own business without paying a bribe; that we can participate in the political process without fear of retribution, and that our votes will be counted at least most of the time. This year, in this election we are called to reaffirm our values and our commitments, to hold them against a hard reality and see how were measuring up to the legacy of our forbearers and the promise of future generations. And fellow Americans, Democrats, Republicans, Independents, I say to you tonight: We have more work to do more work to do for the workers I met in Galesburg, Illinois, who are losing their union jobs at the Maytag plant that’s moving to Mexico, and now are having to compete with their own children for jobs that pay seven bucks an hour; more to do for the father that I met who was losing his job and choking back the tears, wondering how he would pay 4500 dollars a month for the drugs his son needs without the health benefits that he counted on; more to do for the young woman in East St. Louis, and thousands more like her, who has the grades, has the drive, has the will, but doesn’t have the money to go to college. Now, don’t get me wrong. The people I meet in small towns and big cities, in diners and office parks they don’t expect government to solve all their problems. They know they have to work hard to get ahead, and they want to. Go into the collar counties around Chicago, and people will tell you they don’t want their tax money wasted, by a welfare agency or by the Pentagon. Go in Go into any inner city neighborhood, and folks will tell you that government alone can’t teach our kids to learn; they know that parents have to teach, that children can’t achieve unless we raise their expectations and turn off the television sets and eradicate the slander that says a black youth with a book is acting white. They know those things. People don’t expect People dont expect government to solve all their problems. But they sense, deep in their bones, that with just a slight change in priorities, we can make sure that every child in America has a decent shot at life, and that the doors of opportunity remain open to all. They know we can do better. And they want that choice. In this election, we offer that choice. Our Party has chosen a man to lead us who embodies the best this country has to offer. And that man is John Kerry. John Kerry understands the ideals of community, faith, and service because they’ve defined his life. From his heroic service to Vietnam, to his years as a prosecutor and lieutenant governor, through two decades in the United States Senate, hes devoted himself to this country. Again and again, we’ve seen him make tough choices when easier ones were available. His values and his record affirm what is best in us. John Kerry believes in an America where hard work is rewarded; so instead of offering tax breaks to companies shipping jobs overseas, he offers them to companies creating jobs here at home. John Kerry believes in an America where all Americans can afford the same health coverage our politicians in Washington have for themselves. John Kerry believes in energy independence, so we aren’t held hostage to the profits of oil companies, or the sabotage of foreign oil fields. John Kerry believes in the Constitutional freedoms that have made our country the envy of the world, and he will never sacrifice our basic liberties, nor use faith as a wedge to divide us. And John Kerry believes that in a dangerous world war must be an option sometimes, but it should never be the first option. You know, a while back awhile back I met a young man named Shamus in a V.F.W. Hall in East Moline, Illinois. He was a good-looking kid six two, six three, clear eyed, with an easy smile. He told me he’d joined the Marines and was heading to Iraq the following week. And as I listened to him explain why he’d enlisted, the absolute faith he had in our country and its leaders, his devotion to duty and service, I thought this young man was all that any of us might ever hope for in a child. But then I asked myself, Are we serving Shamus as well as he is serving us? I thought of the 900 men and women sons and daughters, husbands and wives, friends and neighbors, who won’t be returning to their own hometowns. I thought of the families I’ve met who were struggling to get by without a loved one’s full income, or whose loved ones had returned with a limb missing or nerves shattered, but still lacked long-term health benefits because they were Reservists. When we send our young men and women into harm’s way, we have a solemn obligation not to fudge the numbers or shade the truth about why they’re going, to care for their families while they’re gone, to tend to the soldiers upon their return, and to never ever go to war without enough troops to win the war, secure the peace, and earn the respect of the world. Now Now let me be clear. Let me be clear. We have real enemies in the world. These enemies must be found. They must be pursued. And they must be defeated. John Kerry knows this. And just as Lieutenant Kerry did not hesitate to risk his life to protect the men who served with him in Vietnam, President Kerry will not hesitate one moment to use our military might to keep America safe and secure. John Kerry believes in America. And he knows that it’s not enough for just some of us to prosper for alongside our famous individualism, there’s another ingredient in the American saga, a belief that we’re all connected as one people. If there is a child on the south side of Chicago who can’t read, that matters to me, even if it’s not my child. If there is a senior citizen somewhere who can’t pay for their prescription drugs, and having to choose between medicine and the rent, that makes my life poorer, even if it’s not my grandparent. If there’s an Arab American family being rounded up without benefit of an attorney or due process, that threatens my civil liberties. It is that fundamental belief It is that fundamental belief: I am my brother’s keeper. I am my sister’s keeper that makes this country work. It’s what allows us to pursue our individual dreams and yet still come together as one American family. E pluribus unum: Out of many, one. Now even as we speak, there are those who are preparing to divide us the spin masters, the negative ad peddlers who embrace the politics of anything goes. Well, I say to them tonight, there is not a liberal America and a conservative America there is the United States of America. There is not a Black America and a White America and Latino America and Asian America there’s the United States of America. The pundits, the pundits like to slice-and-dice our country into red states and blue states; red states for Republicans, blue states for Democrats. But I’ve got news for them, too. We worship an awesome God in the blue states, and we don’t like federal agents poking around in our libraries in the red states. We coach Little League in the blue states and yes, we’ve got some gay friends in the red states. There are patriots who opposed the war in Iraq and there are patriots who supported the war in Iraq. We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the stars and stripes, all of us defending the United States of America. In the end In the end In the end, that’s what this election is about. Do we participate in a politics of cynicism or do we participate in a politics of hope? John Kerry calls on us to hope. John Edwards calls on us to hope. I’m not talking about blind optimism here the almost willful ignorance that thinks unemployment will go away if we just don’t think about it, or the health care crisis will solve itself if we just ignore it. That’s not what I’m talking about. I’m talking about something more substantial. It’s the hope of slaves sitting around a fire singing freedom songs; the hope of immigrants setting out for distant shores; the hope of a young naval lieutenant bravely patrolling the Mekong Delta; the hope of a millworker’s son who dares to defy the odds; the hope of a skinny kid with a funny name who believes that America has a place for him, too. Hope Hope in the face of difficulty. Hope in the face of uncertainty. The audacity of hope! In the end, that is God’s greatest gift to us, the bedrock of this nation. A belief in things not seen. A belief that there are better days ahead. I believe that we can give our middle class relief and provide working families with a road to opportunity. I believe we can provide jobs to the jobless, homes to the homeless, and reclaim young people in cities across America from violence and despair. I believe that we have a righteous wind at our backs and that as we stand on the crossroads of history, we can make the right choices, and meet the challenges that face us. America! Tonight, if you feel the same energy that I do, if you feel the same urgency that I do, if you feel the same passion that I do, if you feel the same hopefulness that I do if we do what we must do, then I have no doubt that all across the country, from Florida to Oregon, from Washington to Maine, the people will rise up in November, and John Kerry will be sworn in as President, and John Edwards will be sworn in as Vice President, and this country will reclaim its promise, and out of this long political darkness a brighter day will come. Thank you very much everybody. God bless you. Thank you. Also in this database: Barack Obama Announcement for the U.S. Presidency Barack Obama Victory Speech

Funding cuts due to technology in educational environments Essay

Funding cuts due to technology in educational environments - Essay Example Yet, many of these employees have worked for your institution for years, some are over the age of 55, several have documented physical disabilities, and 25% are ethnic minorities. About half of these employees are part of a strong union, the other half have worked for senior administrators in the organization who have given them glowing annual reports, and three are personal friends of the Board/individuals who hired the CEO. An unknown senior staff member leaked the report to the media and now the internal and external communities are in an uproar. Your CEO called you to her office and has given you 48 hours to identify and analyze the critical implications and issues if she decides to move forward with this action. She requires a clear, concise and persuasive essay presenting your analysis and your immediate and long-term recommendations. She insists that your recommendations be based on research and theory in leadership, change management, communications, interpersonal effectiveness, and the political realities of implementing this change if she decides to go forward with it. In today’s society, organizations undergoing technology-driven transformations must fully comprehend that technology is only one of a variety of inter-related workings which drive organizational performance. A multi-system viewpoint of organizations highlights the interdependencies between an organizations technology, structure and culture, and how these affect organizational processes and behaviors. Thriving technological innovations necessitate that either the technology be created to fit the organizations current arrangement and culture or that the organizational arrangement and culture be remade to fit the strain of the new technology. Therefore, the desired effects of new technology are most often realized in organizations and are able to execute the further changes that are required to maintain an overall fit. The author, as the recently

Importance of Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Importance of Health - Essay Example The research paper â€Å"Importance of Health† highlights the importance of the level of health care and the ethics of nursing care in patients’ treatment. The aim of nursing is to maintain well-being by prevention of injuries and avoidance of illnesses. A healthy citizenry is the primary aim of any government public health program. On the other hand, there are many resource constraints which can prevent the government from giving a much-needed help for health care to everyone of its citizens. This paper discusses the many ways by which the nursing profession can also do its part as a crucial member of the health care team. It is always a good mindset to not rely on the government in all instances, such as in health care. There are clearly limits to what the government can do, given its limited budget and also the very bureaucratic nature of governance; help may not be forthcoming at all or it might get delayed. In particular, this paper looks at how changing demographi cs has increased the number of elderly citizens in most countries today. This group of people is the most vulnerable of all, in terms of access to health care, financial resources, and the onset of many age-related ailments or diseases. Older or senior citizens therefore require special attention because of these factors. The overall aging (graying) of society is not confined to just a few countries. Advances in medical or scientific knowledge also contributed to longer lifespans, so there are now more older people. Most senior citizens are parents and grandparents, with families of their own and many offspring who love them for their warmth, wisdom, and accumulated knowledge. Their impact on the overall community is their presence gives younger people and families a certain sense of importance and continuity in terms of inter-generational relationships. The importance of them staying healthy is that the community can exert effort on more productive activities and not get tied down to caring for them and spending financial resources for their medication and treatment. To stay healthy is to save precious dollars which impacts positively on the whole community. The primary responsibility for senior group health is on the members of their own family who have to take care of them and provide for their material

IBM in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IBM in China - Essay Example However, the process of manufacture of many of these parts contribute to pollution since they use CFCs and require high levels of power and cooling at datacenters, all of which have exacerbated greenhouse gas emissions and China’s increased energy use. China is a country where three decades of a communist regime have been followed by 25 years of â€Å"quasi-capitalism†, creating unrestrained economic and industrial growth and development, which have contributed heavily to pollution – China consumes 14.2% of the world’s energy and 70% of its rivers and lakes are heavily polluted. Some experts have contended that globalization impacts adversely upon the environment, since countries are forced to lower their production costs by neglecting to enact laws to preserve the environment and multinationals have the tendency to locate their polluting facilities in countries where environmental controls may be lax. In China, State environmental protection agencies are understaffed and are not equipped to cope with the burgeoning pollution levels in the country. Latest trends in China indicate that there is a growing antipathy in China against foreign investors, since it is the prevailing opinion that foreign investors use inexpensive Chinese labor and excessive amounts of energy to pollute the environment, then condemn the country for pollution and for producing cheap goods. Within China, IBM has recently been purchased by a Chinese Company Lenovo and with growing levels of fair competition within China, privatization is being encouraged. The switch to Lenovo could help IBM to tackle the stiff competition it is facing from other companies like dell and HP in the Asian region.

Economic Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic Development - Essay Example It is only by setting up and effectively executing proper economic development plans that these are achieved. New Jersey State employs a complex economic development plan. This encompasses both government initiatives and private sector initiatives. They all work in tandem towards the realization of a common goal which is uplifting the economy of the state. It is an intricate development plan that has so far worked out perfectly well. One of the arms of the intricate development plan of New Jersey State is the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). This is machinery for protecting and enhancing the environment of the state. The environment is a very key aspect of the economy. Economic development would come to a halt if the environment is not protected. Industries would pollute the air with toxic gases; the water bodies with lethal effluents; there would be unbearable noise; there would be uncontrolled deforestation among others. All these have dire consequences for the develop ment of the state. The state would lose its work force due to the death or ailment of its citizens. All sectors of the economy would thus be poorly managed. There would be poor schools, poor hospitals, and poor transport systems just among others. In short, there would be no development. In order to guard against this the state employs the use of a principal development plan, the Department of Environmental Protection. The BEDI program is seen as possible way to spur the return of brownfields to productive economic use through financial assistance to public entities in the redevelopment of brownfields. It as well enhances the security and improvement of the viability of a project which has the financing of section 108 guaranteed loan authorities. Hence, due to this, the BEDI grants must be used in conjunction with a new section 108 guaranteed loan commitment. Section 108 is the loan guarantee provision of the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program. Another key economic dev elopment plan that the state of New Jersey uses is the Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP). The private sector contributes to the environmental development of the state through this program. It is an initiative that allows any interested parties to take part in a cleanup program of the state. This helps to alleviate filthy spots in the state. Any interested party that feels they are in a position to foot the challenges that come with cleaning up an identified site are welcome. They should have the will and the ability to conduct the exercise. There is a cleanup Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) for the state. The interested party enters into a cleanup Memorandum of Agreement with the state. This works out the modalities of the exercise. Through these cleanup programs, the state is capable of enhancing the hygiene of its ambience. By so doing, a stimulus to economic development is inevitable. It is a proper economic development plan. The Brownfields Economic Development Initiative is another major economic development plan from which the state of New Jersey benefits. This could very well be the most outstanding of them all. It is used for the sake of promoting and stimulating economic developm

Improving health for the psychiatric population Essay - 1

Improving health for the psychiatric population - Essay Example Each person is entitled to a good mental health to enable them to adhere to their roles in school, family and at work. According to EC (2005 p4), â€Å"mental health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes hi or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.† However, mental illness is accompanied by depression, stress, and mental strains, hence rendering a person incapable of acting normal. Nevertheless, Psychiatric problems may be hereditary, environmental, or economic. Psychiatric illness affects a country’s economy via loss of production through early retirement. Therefore, the need for mental health improvement on the general population is important; as its related challenges need to be addressed; for instance, stigma and human rights. Studies on the psychiatric population have been conducted over the past years, including the causes, symptoms, and treatment. According to Stewart, et al (2009 p749), manual restraining was commonly used in Psychiatric hospitals as a way of managing violent behaviors of the patients. Violent behaviors among the psychiatric patients are usually high; therefore, manual restraint is commonly used to calm the patient down. This method involves restraining the patient on the floor in a prone position to restrict any movement; however, such reaction lasts for about ten minutes. Stewart et al (2009) further insist that manual restraint involves the risk of injury to the involved parties, but are common in staff members. According to a survey conducted on 269 nurses in the psychiatric care units, they agreed to the fact the manual restraint had positive outcomes, although it was stressful (Stewart, et al, 2009, p.753). Mental disorders are not only evident in adults, but also among

Microsoft and Antitrust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microsoft and Antitrust - Essay Example I therefore agree that Microsoft attempt is one of gaining monopoly power in the software industry. The windows operating system and the internet explorer browser are completely different products that should not be bundled together (Evans, 2002). Microsoft decision is thus one that denies fair competition from other browsers and their restrictive licensing is monopoly intended. In a pure monopoly one firm has the complete control in the production of their products because of barriers of entries for other businesses. There is therefore no competition in the industry and the pricing is not based on the forces of demand and supply. I am against monopoly structure because it promotes inefficiencies and discourages competition. Consequently, monopoly products are of low quality and are highly priced hence encouraging consumer exploitation. In a monopoly, prices and quantity demanded is set at the point of intersection of the marginal revenue and marginal revenue curve. If the marginal cost cuts the marginal revenue curve from the lowest point possible, it means that the firm is operating at optimal capacity and there is no room for expansion and it is at this point that the profit is maximized (Fellner, 1949). Since the demand curve is downward sloping, a reduction in price is accompanied by a corresponding increase in the quantity sold. The firm is therefore the price marker and therefore records high economic profits. Monopoly also deprives consumers their sovereignty of choice, as there are no substitutes for the company’s products. Failure or conditions that can halt the production of a company’s products will therefore result in acute shortages. Monopoly pricing coupled with artificial shortages to the society will result into dead weight loss to the society (2009). The locative inefficiencies in monopoly lead to loss by the society. Moreover, monopolies have been

Exploitable Weakness Terrorist Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exploitable Weakness Terrorist - Assignment Example In a survey carried out between 1968 and 2006 by Jones & Libicki (2008) on terrorist groups that had become extinct, changing to political processes was most instrumental accounting for 43% of all endings. This was closely followed by policing strategies at 40% while those that ended due to achieving of goals and military intervention stood at 10% and 7% respectively. Exploiting the inherent weaknesses within terrorist groups is vital for putting in place strategies that are effective in bringing them down since different strategies work in different contexts (Cronin, 2006). With the emergency of many terrorist and insurgent groups globally, resources to combat them are being depleted and therefore the use of effective strategies to eliminate them is very important (Jones & Libicki, 2008). The biggest challenge presently is metamorphosis of these groups into virtual organizations that integrate into the society and operate globally. As much as metamorphosis of these groups is a challenge, their effective annihilation lies in understanding their nature and how they operate (Blomberg, Engel & Sawyer, 2010). Groups that do not convert to political activism but cling to other ideals like religious and radicalization can only be terminated through policing strategies and economic sanctions. Use of military force on such groups by governments only resu lts in exacerbation of their violence and turning civilians against governments. It is also important to demystify terrorism and avoid counter-terrorism strategies that are tantamount to creation of military warfare governments and these groups (Jones & Libicki,

Compass Records Essay Example for Free

Compass Records Essay Backgrounds Alison Brown and her husband Gary West, who were both musicians, founded compass Records in 1995. Compass Records is a small independent recording company that centered on folk and roots music. Compass Records occupies only a tiny part of the 32-billion dollar music recording industry, competing with some multi-national corporations dominating 86% of the business, such as Sony/BMG, Universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, and EMI. However, the industry has witnessed a stagnant growth since 1995, with a decline on annual sales at a compound annual growth rate of 5%. By 2005, Compass Records had grown to include nearly 50 artists under contract and were averaging around 20 releases a year. With 40% of its albums selling over 5,000 units, Compass Records turned a profit on 80% of its titles in 2005. Brown and West also acquired a $100,000 recording studio in May 2004 in order to give the label and its artists more flexibility in the creative process and save $500 a day on studio rental. Problems * (General) Licensing vs. Producing and Own   * Compass Records has to decide between licensing the finished recordings, which is less risky and less expensive with a finite life to the future cash flows associated with the recordings, and producing and owning a master copy, which will be more risky and more expensive with an infinite life to the future cash flows associated with the recordings. * (Specific) How to maximize firm value through the Roscommon decision * Whether to license Adair Roscommon’s music or own the master recording outright.

History of Rape in armed conflict

History of Rape in armed conflict Rape and violent sexual abuse of women in armed conflict has a long history which corroborates that sexual violence is not only common; in effect it is encouraged. In war, every man could be king  [1]  . Rape has existed as an invidious expression of the domination and subjugation of women throughout the course of human existence and is compelling evidence of the subordination of women by men  [2]  .Women are raped by men of all ethnic origins, creed and ideologies. During Biblical times soldiers regarded women as spoils of war; Biblical law conveyed that soldiers could take these as plunder. [a]nd you may use the plunder the Lord your God gives you from your enemies  [3]  . Hebrews raped  [4]  and were permitted to keep the captives as slaves or concubines. Greeks raped; Homers Iliad offers an insight into the fate of women in war, the book opens with an argument between the Greek warriors Agamemnon and Achilles over the possession of women seized during the Trojan W ar. Chryseism a Trojan woman of lesser status was captured by the Spartans and given to Agamemnon as his battle camp entertainment  [5]  . In the History of Art H W Janson has offered an explanation of the sculpture by the 16th century Italian artist Giovanni Bologna entitled Rape of The Sabine women, which is a reminder of the fate of the Sabine women at the hands of Roman warriors  [6]  . In the middle age during the first crusade knights throughout their march to Constantinople set aside time to assault women  [7]  . In the fifteenth century French soldiers raped English women during the hundred year war  [8]  and Catholic French raped French women during the war of religion  [9]  . In 1746 King Georges army suppressed a Scottish rebellion by raping any Scottish woman ill-fated enough to be home  [10]  . George Washingtons documents recorded an occurrence of rape in the revolutionary war  [11]  .General Andrew Jackson was credited with coining the phrase Booty and Beauty during the 1812 war  [12]  ,substantiating the opinion that women during war become mere object and are no more legal su bjects. In 1914 during World War I, rape was extensively used against French and Belgian women by German soldiers, who began to abandon this practice  [13]  , when the troops switched to trench warfare making access to local women difficult  [14]  . Rape was used as a war tactic by German and Japanese armies in World War II and later by the Russian forces as a weapon of retribution .Kristallnacht or the night of broken glass was a night of rapes, arson, plunder and murder in November 1938 as Germans killed Jews, burned their properties and arrested the survivors, so that they could be moved to concentration camps  [15]  . However, it must be noted that Hitlers government expelled rapists from the Nazi party and turned them over to the civil courts as Nazis regarded rapes more reprehensible than murder since rape violated Nuremburg racial laws forbidding sexual intercourse between Gentiles and Jews. When the war changed course and the Russian army advanced into German territory, G erman women were treated exactly as the Russian women had been treated by the Germans. Hordes of Russian troops demanded the rights due the conquerors: the women of the conquered  [16]  . Moroccan armed force in 1948 fought free French forces in Italy under contract terms that included free license to rape and plunder in the enemy territory  [17]  . In 1937 during World War II the Chinese Nationalist army used Nanking as its capital but General Chiang Kai-shek decided not to defend Nanking and withdrew the army when Japanese forces arrived leaving the city full of defenceless women and children resulting in a number of them being abnormally and sadistically killed and raped  [18]  . Many old women and young girls were raped and their bodies were mutilated after the act. In the Tokyo tribunal it was noted that the Japanese government had knowledge of the rapes but did nothing to prevent them from happening  [19]  . The atrocities did not stop with Nanking, the Japane se soldiers forced almost 80,000 to 200,000 Asian women, mostly Korean who were known as comfort women, to serve as sex slaves. These comfort women were held mostly at frontline brothels and evidence shows that officials of the Japanese Imperial army  [20]  maintained meticulous records about the price per woman (one yen to use a Chinese woman, one and a half yen to use a Korean woman and two yen to use a Japanese woman) , revenue generated and venereal disease  [21]  . While giving evidence at the Tokyo tribunal, one soldier admitted that he partook in daybreak raids on Korean villages dragging women and loading them into trucks to be taken to frontline brothels  [22]  . Historians hold the view that most women held in Japanese brothels died during or soon after the World war II  [23]  . The experience of Vietnamese women in the 1960s was no different than the experience of women involved in armed conflict in the past.The sight of a womans body spread eagled with an 11th brigade badge between her legs, witnessed by an American G.I flying over a rice paddy near the village of My Lai in Vietnam, a few days after an American unit had massacred nearly the entire population, bears some evidence to this continuing abuse.  [24]  . Time and war tactics advanced but the plight of women during armed conflict saw no change. More than 20,000 Bengali women were raped and impregnated by Pakistani soldiers in the 1971 war between Pakistan and what is today Bangladesh  [25]  . Almost 5000 women were raped by Iraqi soldiers during the August 1990 invasion of Kuwait and after liberation a number of foreign domestic workers were raped by returning Kuwaitis  [26]  . Women in Rwanda  [27]  and Kashmir  [28]  suffered rape and death during internal armed conflict. During Perus 12 year internal war women were raped, murdered and threatened both by the government security forces and the communist party of Peru shining path  [29]  . Similarly women in East Timor were raped and killed since the Indonesian occupation of 1975  [30]  . During the ethnic violence of Liberias civil war, Liberian women faced rape and death  [31]  . Media reports are available of sexual violence committed against women by UN TAC in Cambodia; UN forces in Somalia and rebel forces in Dr. Congo  [32]  . Most recently, there have been reports of mass rapes which have occurred in the war torn lands of the former Yugoslavia. M. Cherif Bassiouni (head of an U N commission investigating war crimes) cited almost 13,000 to 50,000 rape victims in the Bosnian war, majority being Muslim women victimized by the Serbs  [33]  , who used rape as a weapon in order to express the totality of victory, a means for troop mollification and as a form of genocide and ethnic cleansing. The details listed above are but a few to give an insight into the historical past ; however, for ages rape has been used and continues to be used globally as a weapon during internal or external armed conflict.

Therapeutic and Nutritional Values of Fruits From Nanded

Therapeutic and Nutritional Values of Fruits From Nanded THERAPEUTIC AND NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF WIDELY GROWN UNCOMMON FRUITS FROM NANDED REGION-A REVIEW Sonwane PP, Gond NY ABSTRACT: The use of immunostimulants as an alternative to the drugs, chemicals and antibiotics currently being used to control diseases man many have focused on the use of widely grown uncommon fruits and medicinal plant as potential therapeutic measures for modulating the immune response to prevent and control diseases. The possible use of naturally available fruits such as Ziziphus Jujuba, Ramnaceae (Ber), Buchania Lanzan, Anacardeaceae (Charr,/Chironji), Coccinia Grandis, Cucurbitaceae (Tindori,Tindora), Phoenix Sylvestris, Arecaceae (Shinole,Shindi), Grewiatiliifolia vahlvar, Tiliaceae (Dhaman.), Madhuca longifolia, Sapotaceae. (Moha.), Cordia dichotoma foret Boraginaceae. (Bhokar), Aegle marmelos Corr. Rutaceae. (Beal), Diospyros melanoxylon roxb,Diospyros decandra ,Ebenaceae. (Tendu,tembhurni), Rumex vasicarius . Polygonaceae. ( Hummayd and hammad ,sour-wort), etc. has been discussed in this article. The aim of this paper is to review research currently being carried out on the widely g rown uncommon fruits that have been nutritional and therapeutic value. Key words – Nutritional value, therapeutic value, widely grown, uncommon fruits INTRODUCTION: In most developing countries the food situation is worsening owing to increasing population, shortage of fertile land, high prices of available staples restrictions on import of the food, this has resulted in a high incidence of hunger malnutrition, a situation in which children women especially pregnant lactating women are most vulnerable. The present day need is to have information about the new food sources exploiting the vast number of less familiar plant resources existing in the nature. There are several foods that are consumed by the people in different region on a very limited scale especially among the tribal population. The wild fruits of many species have served as dietary staples medicines for thousands of years, particularly in the tribal rural areas of Nanded region of Marathwada. Certain fruits are the good sources of various nutrients especially anthocyonins, carotene, ascorbic acid minerals. Considering their no cost production, easy availability, abundant production, they need to be popularized recommended for commercial exploitation .If the people begin to derive an economic benefit from these wild plants, the natural environment of the area would be conserved managed the integrity of the food chains relationship within the ecosystem can be maintained. Good nutrition can help to prevent disease and promote health. There are six categories of nutrients that the body needs to acquire from food protein, carbohydrates, fat, fibers,Vitaminsand minerals and water. Food nutritional security are key issues for human wellbeing. Researches, governments organizations working with food nutrition are concerned with the nutritional status of the general population especially children, pregnant women lactating mothers in the developing countries. In the developing countries, starch based foods are major sources which supply both energy proteins requirements. Thus, protein deficiency prevails among the problems recognized by food and agricultural organizations. To alleviate the situation, efforts should be focused on sustainable use of underutilized and lesser wild plant fruits as a source of nutrient supplements in enhancing food and nutrition security. FRUITS ORIGINATED IMMUNOSTIMULANTS Natural widely grown fruits have various activities such as antistress, growth promotion, appetite stimulation, immune-stimulation, aphrodisiac and antimicrobial properties due to the active principles such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibers, alkaloids, flavanoids pigments, phenol, terpenoids, steroids and essential oils. 1) Ziziphus jujuba, belonging to family Ramnaceae, commonly named as Ber: It was distributed all over the Nanded district. Root were used to cure cough, headache. Leaves were used as antipyretic used in the treatment of obesity. Fruits were cooling, digestible, tonic, laxative, and a rich source of Vit–C, along with that having antibacterial, anti-inflammatory antioxidant. 2) Buchania lanzan, family Anacardeaceae, commonly named as Charr,Chironji: It was found throughout India, Burma and Nepal (1) and in India Hingoli, Parbhani, Latur and Nanded regions of Maharashtra. The plant grows on yellow sandy loam soil used in eprosy, diuretics, haemorrhage, cardiac disease, asthama, fever. Its roots are used as antiulcer (Scholars research library) 3) Coccinia grandis L.Voigt, belonging to family Cucurbitaceae, commonly named as Tindori,Tindora: It is distributed in tropical regions of Asia, Africa and is commonly found in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Srilanka. Different parts of Coccinia grandis such as roots, leaves and fruits were used for various medicinal purposes such as wound healing, ulcer, jaundice, diabetic and antipyretic. The roots have antioxidant activity [Tamilselvan N1,] [Indo Global Journal]. Fruit of Coccinia grandis is used as vegetable when green and eaten fresh when ripened into bright scarlet colour2. Every part of this plant is used as medicine and various preparations have been mentioned in indigenous system of medicine for various skin diseases, bronchial catarrh, bronchitis and Unani systems of medicine for ring worm, psoriasis, small pox, and scabies and other itchy skin eruptions and ulcers 3. Oil of this plant is used as an injection into chronic sinuses. The plant is used in decoction for gonnorhoeae, diabetes and also useful in dropsical condition, pyelitis, cystitis, strangury, snake bite, urinary gravel and calculi 4, 5. It is also useful to induce perspiration in fever and cures sores in the tongue 6. It has antilithic5, hypolipidemicb 7, antimutagenic 8 and hypoglycemic activities9, 10, anti-inflamatory activity [S.V Deshpande1], antioxidant activity of leaf extract of Coccinia grandis. [ Journal of Ethnopharmacology], antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Coccinia grandis. [ Journal of applied pharmaceutical science] 4) Phoenix sylvestris, belonging to family Arecaceae, commonly named as shinole, shindi It is locally called as shindi or shindole. It was found in Nanded, Parbhani, Latur regions of Marathawada state of Maharashtra, India. Fruits are edible, juice used to relieves toothache, pain, fever and respiratory disorder, and used as nerve tonic. 5) Grewiatiliifolia vahlvar, of family Grewiatiliaceae, commonly known as Dhaman : It Is found in all districts of maharashtra state of India . Fruits are edible. It is having Antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity. 6) Madhuca longifolia, belong to family Sapotaceae commonly known as Moha : This plants was found in all districts of Maharashtra except Osmanabad. Fruits and flowers are edible. They are used in treatment of diseases to skin. Syrup was used for medicinal purposes; It is also used in urine diseases and diabetes. 7) Cordia dichotoma foret f. Boraginaceae (Bhokar): It is commonly called as Bhokar .It is found in Aurangabad, Nanded, Parbhani and Osmanabad district of Mharashtra,India, Fruits are edible. The fruits are commonly used as Antiulcer, antimicrobial, anti-inflamatory, hepatoprotective antidiabetic activity. Antiulcer,antimicrobial, in acutetoxity,antiinflamatory,hepatoprotective.anti-diabetic activity . 8) Aegle marmelos Corr. Rutaceae (Beal) : It is commonly called as Beal .It is found In all district of Maharashtra. Fruit pulp is edible. It is Aromatic cooling, antioxidant and antimicrobial property. it is pleasantly laxative and simple cure for Dyspepsia. 9) Diospyros melanoxylon roxb. Ebenaceae.(Tendu, tembhurni,tember):It is locally called as tendu,tembhurni or tembe.It is found in Nanded,Latur, Jalna district of Marathwada. Fruits are edible.It is having Antimicrobial property,and bark shows the antihyperglycemic activity,some species shows the significant antispasmodial effect against p.falciparum, and anti-ulcer activity. 10) Rumex vasicarius l. Polygonaceae (Hummayd and hammad ,sour-wort ) : It is found in Nanded,Hingoli,Parbhani districts of Maharashtra. Fruits are edible. It is used as cooling,laxative ,analgesic,stomachic.leaf juice is used as astringent.it is also used in the heart trouble,constipation,asthmaBronchitis and piles. Tamilselvan N, Thirumalai T, Elumalai EK, Balaji R, David E, Pharmacognosy of Coccinia grandis: a review, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine (2011)S299-S302. Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012; 2(3): 230-238 -S.V Deshpande1*, M. J. Patil2, S.C. Daswadkar1, U. Suralkar3, A. Agarwal3  Ã‚  -Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 71, Issue 1, Pages 89-92 Anju Puri, R Sahai, Kiran L Singh, R.P Saxena, J.S Tandon, K.C Saxena -Journal of applied pharmaceutical science NOD2 and NALP3 in interleukin-1beta generation. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2007;147 (2): 227–235. 2. Sastri BN, The Wealth of India A Dictionary of Raw Material and Industrial Products, vol 2 and  8,Publication and Information Directorate CSIR New Delhi, , 1950: 257 and 285-293. 3. Behl PN, Arora RB, Srivastava G and Malhotia, Herbs useful in Dermatological therapy, CBS  Publishers and Distributor, Delhi, 1993. 4. Nadkarni, KM, Indian Materia Medica with Ayurvedic, Unani Products and Home Remedies.  vol. 1, Popular Prakasham, Bombay, 1976:845-846. 5. Jayaweera, DM, Medicinal Plants (Indigenous and Exotic) used in Ceylon, Part 2, A Publication  of the Natural Sciences Council of Srilanka, Colombo, 1980. 6. Anonymous, Dictionary of Indian Medicinal Plants, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic  Plants, India, 1992. 7. Kumar PG., Sudheeshi S and Vijayalakshmi NR: Hypoglycemic effect of Coccinia indica.  Mechanism of Action, Planta Medica.1997; 59(4):330-332. 8. Kusamran WR, Tepsuwan A and Kupradinum P: Antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic Potential  of some Thai vegetables. Mutat. Res., 1998; 402(1, 2):247-258. 9. Gupta SS., Pituitary diabetes. III. Effect of indigenous antidiabetic drugs against the acute  hyperglycemic response of anterior pituitary extract in glucose-fed albino rats, Indian J. Med.  Res., 1963;51(4):716-724. 10. Mukherjee K, Ghosh NC and Datta T, Coccinia indica as a potential hypoglycemic agent, Indian  J. Exp. Bio. 1972;5(10): 347-349. Ferrero-Miliani L, Nielsen OH, Andersen PS, Girardin SE : Chronic inflammation: importance of  Florra of Marathwada. Vol-I, Vol-II,

Summary on Father Damien of Molokai??s Life :: essays research papers

Summary on Father Damien of Molokai ¡Ã‚ ¦s Life Who was Father Damien? „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Father Damien was formally known as Joseph de Veuster „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He was born on January 3rd 1840 „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Damien was born to a farming couple on Tremeloo Belgium. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He attended college at Brine-le-Comte. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He entered the congregation of the sacred Hearts of Jesus. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He Became a Picpus Brother on October the 7th 1860. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Damien followed his brothers dream, now his as well and went into a mission aboard „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the 19th of march 1864, he landed at Honolulu Harbour. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He was ordained to the priesthood on may 24th 1864 at the cathedral of our lady of peace. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Damien believed that the Lepers at the very last needed a priest. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On may 10, 1873 Damien arrived at the secluded settlement at Kalaupapa. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  King David Kalakaua bestowed on Damien the honor Knight Commander of the Royal Order of Kalakaua. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ §I ¡Ã‚ ¦m willing to devote my life to leprosy victims ¡Ã‚ ¨, in the end he spent 16 years with the lepers. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Damien ¡Ã‚ ¦s name was spread across the United States and Europe. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American Protestants raised large sums of money for the missionary „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In September 1881, the Hawaiian Princess Liliuokalani visited Molokai. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In December 1884 Damien went about his evening rituals of soaking his feet in boiling water, he became worried as he could not feel the heat. It was at this point that confirmed he had contracted leprosy. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He was a roman Catholic missionary of the congregation of the sacred hearts of Jesus and Mary. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Father Damien was a spiritual leader/patron of lepers, outcasts, and those with HIV/AIDS within the catholic society. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1995 pope John Paul II beatified him and bestowed the official title of Blessed Damien Of Molokai  ¡V servant of humanity. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On April 5, 1886, about four in the afternoon, Catherine De Veuster, Damien ¡Ã‚ ¦s mother, bowed her head in the direction of the phot of her son and the Blessed Mother and died calmly and peacefully. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On December 20, 1999 Jorge Medina Cardinal Estevez, Perfect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, confirmed the November 1999 decision of the United States conference of Catholic Bishops to place Blessed Damien on the liturgical calendar with the rank of optional memorial. His official feast day is on may 10 each year. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The blessed Damien could now be canonized and receive the title of Saint Damien of Molokai. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Damien provide 25 years of service to the people of Hawaii.

Self-absorption in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Self-absorption in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚     Ã‚   The story Heart of Darkness is a study in the benefits , and setbacks, of self absorption. Through out the story there is a constant emphasis on the fact that self absorption will get you what you want and help you to survive. At the same time there is the constant moral objection. Almost the entire book is spent showing the positive aspects of self absorption. The life it will give you and the ability to keep that life going as long as possible. This type of thinking, however, can catch up to you in the end.    The lesson that self absorption is the means of self preservation is one that is taught to the reader, and more specifically to Marlow, gradually as the story progresses. The very first lesson in this thought process comes very early in the story. I occurs as Marlow is going over in his mind exactly how he came to get the opportunity to be a river steamer captain. It appears the Company had received news that one of their captains had been killed in a scuffle with the natives. This was my chance, and it made me the more anxious to go...However, through this glorious affair I got my appointment, before I had fairly begun to hope for it.(Conrad 13)    Right away Marlow begins to think about himself and what this mans death can bring to him. He describes the incident, and every now and then throws in a "The poor fellow" so that he is not completely devoid of any compassion. This is Marlow's introduction into the way of the successful person in the Ivory trade, or any business for that matter.    The next lesson that Marlow gets in self absorption he actually has provided for him. As he is riding the french ship down to the belgian congo there are several stops made to let off soldiers at various posts up and down the shore.    We pounded along, stopped, landed soldiers; went on, landed custom- house clerks to levy toll in what looked like a God-forsaken wilderness, with a tin shed and a flag-pole lost in it; landed more soldiers to take care of the custom-house clerks, presumably. Some, I heard, got drowned in the surf; but whether they did or not, nobody seemed particularly to care. They were just flung out there, and on we Self-absorption in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays Self-absorption in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚     Ã‚   The story Heart of Darkness is a study in the benefits , and setbacks, of self absorption. Through out the story there is a constant emphasis on the fact that self absorption will get you what you want and help you to survive. At the same time there is the constant moral objection. Almost the entire book is spent showing the positive aspects of self absorption. The life it will give you and the ability to keep that life going as long as possible. This type of thinking, however, can catch up to you in the end.    The lesson that self absorption is the means of self preservation is one that is taught to the reader, and more specifically to Marlow, gradually as the story progresses. The very first lesson in this thought process comes very early in the story. I occurs as Marlow is going over in his mind exactly how he came to get the opportunity to be a river steamer captain. It appears the Company had received news that one of their captains had been killed in a scuffle with the natives. This was my chance, and it made me the more anxious to go...However, through this glorious affair I got my appointment, before I had fairly begun to hope for it.(Conrad 13)    Right away Marlow begins to think about himself and what this mans death can bring to him. He describes the incident, and every now and then throws in a "The poor fellow" so that he is not completely devoid of any compassion. This is Marlow's introduction into the way of the successful person in the Ivory trade, or any business for that matter.    The next lesson that Marlow gets in self absorption he actually has provided for him. As he is riding the french ship down to the belgian congo there are several stops made to let off soldiers at various posts up and down the shore.    We pounded along, stopped, landed soldiers; went on, landed custom- house clerks to levy toll in what looked like a God-forsaken wilderness, with a tin shed and a flag-pole lost in it; landed more soldiers to take care of the custom-house clerks, presumably. Some, I heard, got drowned in the surf; but whether they did or not, nobody seemed particularly to care. They were just flung out there, and on we

James Monroe Essay -- essays research papers

James Monroe was born in the quiet town of Westmoreland County, Virginia on April 28, 1758. His father, Spencer Monroe, was married to Elizabeth Jones in 1752. Spencer Monroe was a circuit judge and a farmer for the town (Kane 40). Monroe was the oldest of five. There were four other children; Andrew, Joseph, and Elizabeth. His third brother had died in his early childhood. He attended grammar school at a small academy for boys. This school had a reputation for serving the best of men, like George Washington and John Marshall (Kane 40), which is unique because he later followed George Washington as president. George Washington was a family friend of the Monroe’s. He admired Washington and was influenced by him at a young age. At age 16 his father Spencer Monroe died. Monroe was left to be the man of the house. A family member suggested that James should continue his education at the William and Mary College. Monroe enrolled in the most difficult program that the College offer ed (Stefoff 11). Within a year of his attendance at William and Mary College, the shot heard around the world at Lexington occurred. War broke out with England, and Monroe wanted to do something about it. At age 18 he later joined the army enlisting in the Third Virginia Infantry (Stefoff 12). Monroe was appointed lieutenant after a party of soldiers raided a British house taking guns and supplies. He later was acquainted with George Washington when the Third Virginia Infantry was joined with Washington’s troops in New York (Stefoff 13). During the war he was wounded in the Battle of Trenton but not severely. Monroe assigned to deskwork was asked if he would send a letter to the governor of Virginia asking for more soldiers. Monroe was waiting for a response from Washington but never heard from him, so in the mean time he studied law (Stefoff 15). Monroe became an aid under Thomas Jefferson, Governor of Virginia also influenced his life. Monroe and his good school friend work ed on the governor’s speeches and organized meetings. This prepared Monroe for what was to become of his life as President (Stefoff 21). Since the war was still going on, he had a mission from the military. Monroe was asked to go south and spy on British troops, because American troops feared that they were planning a surprise attack on them (Stefoff 21-22). After Monroe’s successful mission against British troops a... ...eted several projects that he cared about which needed to be addressed. One of them was setting aside land for Indians west of the Mississippi River.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monroe left Washington on March 3, 1825 and set out for Oak Hill with his family. Although he was very successful in life, after his retirement he fell into financial trouble. The last six years of his life was very difficult. His debt had mounted and while waiting for money Congress owed him, on July 4, 1831, James Monroe died, bankrupt (Damon 95).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James Monroe was an excellent president and loved by all people. His main focus to help our country succeed as a nation together, kept us unified and strong. Although there were bad times, his success made up for those. He made a great impact in our history as a nation. He created the Monroe Doctrine, made it hard to own slaves, helped Indians find land, and helped our country unite as one. He fought for us in the War of 1812, which he was wounded. He loved our country and was true to the U.S. Monroe was the ‘Era of Good Feeling’ and will always be remember as James Monroe, who did bring to many people an era of good feelings. James Monroe Essay -- essays research papers James Monroe was born in the quiet town of Westmoreland County, Virginia on April 28, 1758. His father, Spencer Monroe, was married to Elizabeth Jones in 1752. Spencer Monroe was a circuit judge and a farmer for the town (Kane 40). Monroe was the oldest of five. There were four other children; Andrew, Joseph, and Elizabeth. His third brother had died in his early childhood. He attended grammar school at a small academy for boys. This school had a reputation for serving the best of men, like George Washington and John Marshall (Kane 40), which is unique because he later followed George Washington as president. George Washington was a family friend of the Monroe’s. He admired Washington and was influenced by him at a young age. At age 16 his father Spencer Monroe died. Monroe was left to be the man of the house. A family member suggested that James should continue his education at the William and Mary College. Monroe enrolled in the most difficult program that the College offer ed (Stefoff 11). Within a year of his attendance at William and Mary College, the shot heard around the world at Lexington occurred. War broke out with England, and Monroe wanted to do something about it. At age 18 he later joined the army enlisting in the Third Virginia Infantry (Stefoff 12). Monroe was appointed lieutenant after a party of soldiers raided a British house taking guns and supplies. He later was acquainted with George Washington when the Third Virginia Infantry was joined with Washington’s troops in New York (Stefoff 13). During the war he was wounded in the Battle of Trenton but not severely. Monroe assigned to deskwork was asked if he would send a letter to the governor of Virginia asking for more soldiers. Monroe was waiting for a response from Washington but never heard from him, so in the mean time he studied law (Stefoff 15). Monroe became an aid under Thomas Jefferson, Governor of Virginia also influenced his life. Monroe and his good school friend work ed on the governor’s speeches and organized meetings. This prepared Monroe for what was to become of his life as President (Stefoff 21). Since the war was still going on, he had a mission from the military. Monroe was asked to go south and spy on British troops, because American troops feared that they were planning a surprise attack on them (Stefoff 21-22). After Monroe’s successful mission against British troops a... ...eted several projects that he cared about which needed to be addressed. One of them was setting aside land for Indians west of the Mississippi River.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monroe left Washington on March 3, 1825 and set out for Oak Hill with his family. Although he was very successful in life, after his retirement he fell into financial trouble. The last six years of his life was very difficult. His debt had mounted and while waiting for money Congress owed him, on July 4, 1831, James Monroe died, bankrupt (Damon 95).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James Monroe was an excellent president and loved by all people. His main focus to help our country succeed as a nation together, kept us unified and strong. Although there were bad times, his success made up for those. He made a great impact in our history as a nation. He created the Monroe Doctrine, made it hard to own slaves, helped Indians find land, and helped our country unite as one. He fought for us in the War of 1812, which he was wounded. He loved our country and was true to the U.S. Monroe was the ‘Era of Good Feeling’ and will always be remember as James Monroe, who did bring to many people an era of good feelings.

How Does Owen Use Nature To Convey His Feelings About War? Essay

Wilfred Owen uses nature to convey his feelings in his poems, using many different techniques. In both the poems that I am examining, Exposure, and Spring Offensive, he’s uses nature to show pain and suffering. For example, in exposure, he uses brambles to convey pain; â€Å"Watching, we hear the mad gusts tugging on the wire, Like twitching agonies of men among its brambles.† This quote gives the soldiers the painful reminder that men have been killed easily by the barbed wire, and natures way of portraying barbed wire, is through brambles. The brambles symbolise pain, because brambles are obviously painful. This gives the reader a knowledge of what the soldiers are thinking of. Also this shows that by getting caught in the wire, that they are being held back from fighting, and this gives the soldiers a feeling that they have lost the war. Another thing that nature portrays is love and protection. Not all nature was used to portray pain. In Spring offensive, he uses several terms to portray love and protection; â€Å"And though the summer oozed into their veins Like an injected drug for their bodies’ pains,† This quote shows that that nature can be used to benefit the soldiers, by giving them strength to go on and fight. Nature can also benefit the soldiers, by giving them camouflage, and to protect them from harm, so that the German soldiers cannot see them. Another method that Owen uses to portray his feelings using nature, is the weather, in which he shows mood and feelings, cold weather representing hurt and pain. He uses cold weather a lot in Exposure; â€Å"We only know war lasts, rain soaks, and clouds sag.† This quote shows that the soldiers are waiting for attack and that there waiting will be long, but their fighting will be longer. They are saying that this is inevitable, like rain does soak, and clouds do sag. â€Å"Tonight, this frost will fasten on this mud and us, †¦and their eyes are ice, But nothing happens.† This quote proves that war is long and frustrating. This is saying that they have waited so long that the frost from the cold had killed them, not the war. This is a strong symbol, that nature is stronger and more powerful than war. I think this is one of the main reasons that Owen uses nature to portray his feelings, because it often has a stronger impact on the readers. â€Å"Till like a cold gust thrills the world At which each body and its soul begird And tighten them for battle. No alarms.† This quote has a tense feel about it because the cold wind represents harsh reality that they have to face, which is not what they have been told it was. This would make them uncomfortable, tense and nervous. I think that he uses this to deter men from going to war, because he was anti-war, and the men were being told thaat it was a walk in the park, all a big game. Owen wanted to tell the men about what war was really like. Aswell as cold weather, warm weather is used a lot in spring offensive, to show peace, strength and protection; â€Å"The sun, like a friend whom their love is done. Oh larger shone that smile against the sun. Mightier than his whose bounty these have spurned.† This quote shows that the soldiers get strength from the sun. As the sun comes up, they can feel the warmth, and see the light, which tells them that they are still alive. It gives them hope, because it its a conformation of there existence. Also is says that the sun is mightier than god, refered to as â€Å"his†. I think that this means that they would rather feel the suns warmth then die for their country. I think that the main reason that Owen uses nature to portray his feelings because it is an easy way of expressing deep emotions and feelings about a thing you feel strongly against a subject, eg: war. Owen’s expressions are strong, in the sense that they get his point across, and they are emotionally thought provoking, in the sense where they make you think about what is must feel like to serve, sometimes, against your will in something as horrific as a world war. I think that using nature to portray feelings and emotions, thoughts and views in poems is a very effective way.

Mental health programs Essay

Community health programs based in churches have been highly successful, although occasionally confusing and stressful for pastors to administer. However, it is not only physical health programs which have thrived; mental health and chemical dependency programs are an important supplement to church ministry and community service. Thompson and McRae argue that the Black church itself offers a positive therapeutic effect to its congregation, even without a formal mental health ministry in place. They discuss the historical basis for the Black church’s creation of community; the creation of the â€Å"we† group rather than the individual â€Å"I† and the need for belonging with a group, rather than to a group (41). They state â€Å"Embedded within the individual were past experiences, traditions, values, and norms for emotions, cognitions, and behaviors conducive to relatedness and â€Å"interpersonalness† that reflected a collective sense of belonging with rather than to, caring, similar others (Thompson & McRae, 41). † The Black church, in Thompson and McRae’s view, has created a bridge for the gap between the historic slave experience and the modern Black experience which helps ease the mental transition between worlds, and created a framework for dealing with hostility. They state â€Å"The Black church nurtures the survival of its members through providing a supportive, caring environment to facilitate an ever-widening upward spiral of positive cognitive, affective and behavioral outcomes for growth and change (Thompson & McRae, 46). † While the mere fact of church fellowship has a positive effect on its members, Black church involvement in formal mental health ministry programs has a significant impact on its members as well. Blank discussed the importance of mental health care within the church setting. They state that there are four areas of community care considered most effective in the church setting. These are primary care delivery, mental health, health promotion and disease promotion and health policy. Their review of studies underscored the importance of natural helpers (friends and extended family), lay helpers and most especially church leaders in the delivery of mental health care through an informal care system. Blank discussed the state of mental health care in the rural South in the 1970s; the population was discovered by researchers studying psychiatric utilization and morbidity in the area to be underserved, despite the general view that rural life was superior to urban. The problems contributing to low psychiatric utilization are complex; problems with service delivery, low quality of care (especially among minority patients) and lack of providers are entangled with social stigma surrounding psychiatric care, economic and social factors, geographic distance from providers, poverty, race and class issues to create a morass of issues a patient must slog through to acquire psychiatric care. Blank notes that at the time of the study, most counties lacked a single doctoral-level mental health professional; only 3% of licensed psychiatrists practice in the rural South, a number which has not changed significantly since the 1970s. In addition to the socioeconomic issues with receiving psychiatric care in the rural South, there are further problems relating to doctor-patient relations. Some theorists state that white mental health care providers cannot provide optimal care to Black patients because of their lack of knowledge and understanding of Black history and culture, as well as a lack of understanding of the difficulty of being Black in a white world; furthermore Black patients are less likely to trust white care providers due to racial tensions and differences in worldview (Blank , 1668). Instead, Black patients are considered to have a preference for Black care providers. While some studies have shown that Black patients do prefer Black care providers, stated reasons for this preference are a perception of greater professional competence and attitude, as well as racial and cultural compatibility (Blank , 1668). Blank emphasize the importance of sensitivity and cultural competence; it can lead to a greater understanding of non-normative minority behavior as well as an increase in trust levels between provider and patient which increase the possibility of a successful outcome. Blank discusses the cultural responsiveness hypothesis, which states that the effectiveness of psychotherapy is directly related to the therapist’s ability to communicate an understanding of the patient’s cultural background. Lack of this cultural responsiveness might account for some of the racial divide in diagnosis, treatment and premature termination of treatment observed between Black and white psychiatric patients (Blank, 1669). Blank hypothesized that rural churches provide fewer social and mental health services than urban churches, and that they have fewer links with the formal care system; furthermore, because of the importance of the church in the Black community and the historic exclusion of Black from formal care systems (schools, mental health services, etc), Black churches would provide more social and mental health services than white churches, but with fewer links to the formal care system (1669). Blank tested their theory using a phone survey of Black and white church leaders in both rural and urban areas in the South (defined in their study as Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missisippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia (Blank, 1670)). A total of 2,867 churches were targeted, with a total of 269 completed interviews, or an overall participation rate of just under 10% (Blank, 1670). Rural Black churches, the targeted demographic, were actually least likely to participate in the study, with only a one in fourteen survey completion rate; the researchers cited lack of full-time staff creating difficulties reaching church leaders and a high rate of church leader refusal as factors in this low completion rate (Blank, 1670). The researchers discussed topics such as church demographics, including size and racial composition of the congregation, number of services held and attendance at the services, the church budget and founding date; problems the church’s congregants faced that the church leader considered to be most important; specific questions about mental health services provided by the church or church leader, including such issues as depression, paranoia, nervous breakdown, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease and attempted suicide; What type of support services were offered formally by the church to deal with these types of issues; and what links to the formal care system, including hospitals, care providers and support services like Alcoholics Anonymous existed, and if links existed to what level church leaders provided referrals to the formal care system (Blank, 1669). The researchers then constructed four different scales on which to rank the churches: Problems, which quantified the degree to which responding churches dealt with mental health problems over the previous two years; Programs for Adults, which quantified the number of mental health programs offered by the church, including those dealing with alcohol and substance abuse, marital counseling, sex education and counseling, domestic violence and sexual assault; Programs for Children, which quantified programs specifically aimed at support for children, including individual and family support services; and finally Programs for Teenagers, which quantified programs specifically aimed at support for teens. Referrals, both in and out, were also quantified (Blank, 1670). Statistical analysis using factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the correlation between the varying factors. The researchers found some surprising differences in funding – when adjusted for congregation size, rural white churches had substantially larger budgets than rural Black churches, and urban Black churches also had significantly larger budgets than the rural Black churches (Blank, 1670). However, both urban and rural Black churches were shown to offer significantly higher numbers of mental health programs overall than their white counterparts. There were no statistically significant variables in the study of links between referrals, but the modal response among churches overall was 0, indicating that all churches tend to lack links with the formal care system (Blank, 1671). Blank extrapolate concerning the possible reasons for lack of links between the formal care system and the informal care system provided by churches. They note that one of the difficulties may be historical in nature; because churches are often divided among racial and ethnic lines, there may be barriers to connection between the formal care system and churches precipitated by racial and ethnic tensions. Additionally, because churches have played a role as a political entity in the past, there may be lingering social tensions between churches and formal care systems which prevent these roles. (Blank, 1671). Another barrier may be the different paradigms of the formal care system and the church regarding the nature, causes and treatment of mental health problems.

Perceptions Of Cancer In Children Health And Social Care Essay

Cancer is a awful disease none of us would desire to hold. Peoples may hold different general perceptual experiences of malignant neoplastic disease in kids, striplings and younger grownups. Those perceptual experiences may come from the media, from wellness attention suppliers, an overheard narrative or from a member of a household who experienced it, and through these brushs, perceptual experiences of malignant neoplastic disease may be formed. For a 3rd universe state like the Philippines, a delayed acknowledgment of the disease every bit good as forsaking of intervention may ensue partially from misinterpretations and beliefs of incurableness, wholly lending to patient mortality. Misperceptions, and therefore the demands for increased support, may be greatest in a public infirmary with largely patients of low socio-economic position and educational degree. Such patients may peculiarly necessitate support from governmental and non-governmental bureaus every bit good as private sector spouses to prolong intervention. Once public perceptual experiences of malignant neoplastic disease in an country are better understood, targeted educational runs and resources may be better dedicated to assist households in demand and address misperceptions that affect patient attention.â€Å" Reappraisal of related literature and/or â€Å" What is already known about the subject?In developed states, endurance results for kids and stripling s with malignant neoplastic disease have improved significantly over the past few decennaries ; for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, for case, 5-year endurance estimations for kids aged 15 old ages and below have increased from 60 % to up to 89 % ( Smith et Al, 2010 ) . In the Philippines, in contrast, 5-year endurance for childhood malignant neoplastic disease has been estimated to be merely 5-10 % ( Ribeiro et al, 2008 ) . As suggested by surveies in other low-income states, persons ‘ perceptual experiences, beliefs, and awareness refering malignant neoplastic disease may impact intervention decision-making ( Kumar et al, 2010 ) . In the Philippines, in add-on to misperceptions, audiences with unconventional health care suppliers such as faith therapists may be normally practiced ( Gamboa, 1984 ) ( Kimby et al. , 2003 ) , and contribute to holds in intervention, which may in bend worsen results. In developing states the principal cause of intervention failure in kids malignant neoplastic disease is abandonment ( Arora et al, 2010 ) . However, beyond fiscal and transit troubles that lead to intervention refusal and forsaking, perceptual experiences that malignant neoplastic disease is incurable may besides add to put on the line for forsaking. Thus misperceptions about malignant neoplastic disease in each scene should be carefully studied, so that they may be better addressed through instruction, reding and support ( Sitaresmi et al, 2010 ) . A recent qualitative survey on parents ‘ positions on information proviso in childhood malignant neoplastic disease attention suggested that the extent and type of information known to parents about the unwellness of their kid may impact get bying ( Kastel at Al, 2010 ) . Patients themselves may be likewise affected because better support from households through good information may better communicating and patient results. The populace may frequently hold different perceptual experiences of malignant neoplastic disease than the positions of experts ( Lipworth et al. 2010 ) . A survey done about the general populace ‘s malignant neoplastic disease consciousness in the United Kingdom found that even in a first universe state, there still may be important lacks in footings of malignant neoplastic disease consciousness ( Adlard and Hume, 2003 ) . In developing states, the demand for information and public instruction sing malignant neoplastic disease may be even more profoun d. Cancer patients who are adolescent and immature grownups up to 29 old ages of age may see physical and emotional challenges that are rather distinguishable from those in patients of other age groups. A recent follow-up survey of stripling and immature grownup malignant neoplastic disease subsisters ( Kazar et al, 2010 ) reported that diagnosing during adolescence was associated with more negative self-reported psychosocial map and wellness beliefs, proposing that wellness perceptual experiences may impact well-being even in the long term. Persons in this age group may besides be more likely to seek wellness information online ( Koch-Weser et Al, 2010 ) and therefore potentially have different malignant neoplastic disease perceptual experiences than those in other age groups. Better understanding different public perceptual experiences and their beginnings would let wellness suppliers to turn to misperceptions, and assist concentrate information airing on the most needful subjects.â⠂¬Å" Research question/s † and/or â€Å" What is non yet known about the subject? †1. Amongst grownups go toing a third public infirmary in a resource-limited scene, what are some general perceptual experiences sing malignant neoplastic disease, and specifically leukaemia in kids or younger grownups? 2.What are these perceptual experiences based on? ( Personal experience? Others ‘ experiences? Media? Etc. )â€Å" Significance of the survey † and/or â€Å" What will healthcare be if the answer/s to the research question/s will be known? †By better understanding public perceptual experience of malignant neoplastic disease in kids, striplings and immature grownups, wellness suppliers may be able to: 1. Better reference misinterpretations and assist usher patients and households to get by with the unwellness 2. Better address the different perceptual experiences of malignant neoplastic disease in kids, striplings and immature grownups through media, wellness attention suppliers and patients ‘ several household membersObjective/s † and/or â€Å" What will this survey make? †1. To garner general perceptual experiences refering malignant neoplastic disease in kids, striplings and immature grownups, amongst grownups at a third public infirmary in Mindanao, Philippines 2. To place possible precedences for public consciousness publicity and protagonism for malignant neoplastic disease in kids, striplings and immature grownups. MethodologyResearch designA qualitative survey of the general perceptual experiences of malignant neoplastic disease in kids, stripling and immature grownups at a third public infirmary in Mindanao, Philippines is proposed utilizing semi-structured interview as the primary research attack. A personal interview was considered to be more appropriate for our puting instead than the usage of a telephone interview as non every family owns a telephone, and such studies are non common in our scene. A semi-structured interview was selected in stead of a cross-sectional study to better research the new subject. Furthermore, Pollock et Al. ( 2010 ) late found that qualitative interviewing may be more effectual than a questionnaire in researching persons ‘ ideas on malignant neoplastic disease information ; in comparing usage of questionnaires to interview to measure malignant neoplastic disease patients ‘ satisfaction, they showed that both the quality and item provided was richer utilizing colloquial interviews. Use of a semi-structured interview allows us to utilize inquiries that were prepared in front of clip in add-on to holding flexibleness to follow respondents ‘ train of idea as appropriate during the interview. Using open-ended inquiries will let patients to joint in their ain words their perceptual experiences instead than holding research workers categorise them, which may be peculiarly appropriate for this survey since there are no formal surveies researching this subject in the Philippines to our cognition. The interview procedure will get down in February of 2011 upon moralss blessing. Patients will be recruited from the clinics three times a hebdomad, with the end of enrolling 3-5 patients each clip. The brief interviews will be recorded on paper with infinite for every inquiry and besides be audio-recorded with participant consent, with interviews expected to last for 5-10 proceedingss. While there is an on-going audio-recording the participant is besides observed for their facial looks, position, or for non-verbal cues that can non be captured on tape. To promote variable responses, the interview manner is informal and involves open-ended inquiries. The information will be analyzed by inductive content analysis with coding. Subjects will be identified from transcripts of the audio-recordings or handwritten notes for comparing and analysis. Independent reappraisal and initial cryptography of the transcripts will be conducted by the survey research workers, with subsequent treatment a nd declaration of differences by consensus.PutingThe survey will be held at the General Pediatric Outpatient Department and Internal Medicine Department at JICA constructing during their clinic hours from Monday to Friday, 1-3pm, at the Southern Philippines Medical Center. Consultation starts at 8am-5pm with tiffin interruptions. The subspecialty clinics are separated. The cut off age for the general paediatricss section is 14 old ages old and below with upper limit of 50-70 patients and 14 old ages old and above for general internal medical specialty with a upper limit of 50-80 patients in a twenty-four hours. Outpatient audience fee is 30 pesos which hapless households in the bottom 30 percent income group with an mean monthly income of P6,475 in 2007 can afford ( National Statistical Coordination Board ) .ParticipantsInclusion StandardsEach of these standards must be met for inclusion: 1. Watchers/care-givers or healthy patients 18 old ages old or over showing for non-acute attention at ambulatory clinics 2. English- or Bisaya/Tagalog-speakers 3. Those physically and mentally able, are willing to be interviewed on the subject of malignant neoplastic disease and give their consentExclusion StandardsEither of these standards being met will take to exclusion: 1. Watchers/care-givers or healthy patient below 18 old ages old presenting for non-acute attention at ambulatory clinics 2. Watchers/care-givers of patients ( or patients themselves ) who are presently being managed for malignant neoplastic disease, or are showing to clinic for question malignant neoplastic disease ( Note: Watchers/patients who are former malignant neoplastic disease patients or household members of malignant neoplastic disease patients who have completed intervention may still be included if they meet all the above inclusion standards. ) This exclusion standard attempts to protect participants who may be more emotionally affected if they or their household member were presently undergoing malignant neoplastic disease therapy ; besides, as a group, their experiences and perceptual experiences are likely really different that they should be considered in a separate survey. On the other manus, many may hold aged household members with a history of malignant neoplastic disease, yet remain potentially valuable sources for this survey. )Definition of footingsChildren – used here by a nd large for those between ages 0-13 old ages Adolescent and Young Adult ( AYA ) – adapted from a normally used term in paediatric oncology, to mention to those aged between 13-29 old ages Children, Adolescent and Young Adult ( CYA ) – used in this survey to depict both Children and AYA as a group Cancer – any malignance in the described age groups, including leukaemia and solid tumourSampling processsThose who meet the inclusion standards will be included in the survey. A maximal fluctuation purposive sampling is used to deliberately include individuals of different age, gender, and evident socio-economic position, as their perceptual experiences may differ. An expected sum of no more than 40 participants are expected to be recruited to accomplish impregnation, when no new information appears to originate from subsequent interviews ( Patton, 1990 ) . Small samples can derive a better, more in-depth apprehension of topics such as persons ‘ general wellness perceptual experiences, as have been used in other surveies related to this subject. As a recent illustration, a qualitative survey with 25 survey participants was able to place of import subjects to steer future surveies with respects to understanding immature unwritten malignant neoplastic disease patients â⠂¬Ëœ perceptual experiences ( Grant et Al, 2010 ) .Datas assemblageMain result steps General perceptual experiences of malignant neoplastic disease Symptoms of malignant neoplastic disease Percepts of how malignant neoplastic disease is diagnosed and treated Percepts of impact of malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing, including results Expected beginnings of medical/financial/psychosocial support for CYA with malignant neoplastic disease Beginning of information/awareness sing malignant neoplastic diseaseData handling and analysisThe interviewer will do handwritten notes of the participants ‘ responses every bit closely as possible. Audio-recording, where agreed upon by the participant, will be included to ease accurate gaining control of informations. All the interviews will be conducted by a first twelvemonth paediatric occupant doctor, with informations analysis done together with one paediatric junior adviser, and two paediatric oncology/hematology advisers. The information will be transcribed, translated and coded line by line. Succeeding regular squad meetings will be held to integrate feedback and reconcile differences. The interview will be reviewed independently by at least two advisers working with CYA with malignant neoplastic disease to measure inquiries ‘ content cogency. A pilot testing of the interview procedure will be done foremost on 5-10 voluntaries ( e.g. clinical trainees or clinical support squad members ) with at least one other squad member observing, for initial feedback on interview manner and inquiry lucidity. Further pilot testing of the interview inquiries will so be done on an initial sample of 5-10 people run intoing the inclusion/exclusion standards at the out-patient section of the paediatric and internal medical specialty section of the Southern Philippines Medical Center.Ethical considerationsOral consent is proposed in stead of written consent for farther protection of patients ‘ individuality and confidentiality ; their real/full names are non required for the survey, and all participants will be identified by a codification name/number. Based on the inclusion and exclusion standards they should hold an accurate apprehension of the survey ‘s focal point. Patients may anticipate that privateness will be respected and the squad ‘s purpose to make no injury. A privy country at the out-patient section will be made ready in instance the topics requested a small privateness. For patients/caregivers of malignant neoplastic disease patients this issue might be sensitive for them, and those households affected presently with malignant neoplastic disease are therefore excluded from the survey. A participant who becomes uncomfortable during the interview may instantly halt at any clip and all are invited to give their ideas openly. Participants are free to inquire inquiries and can bespeak more information about the survey. Dummy Consequence: In a qualitative person interview survey, grownups showing to a public third infirmary in Mindanao had a by and large ___perspective sing malignant neoplastic diseases in kids, striplings and immature grownups. Cancer is described as being _____ and survival is____ . Some of the most common symptoms they knew were ______ . Families who seek medical attention from this establishment are from the different categories of the society but largely from the ____ or ___ . Percepts of how malignant neoplastic disease is diagnosed and managed included ____ . Expected outcomes most normally described included _____ . Anticipated beginnings of support for malignant neoplastic disease patients named included _______ Main beginnings of information about malignant neoplastic disease described were____ , _____ , _____ .