Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Wealth Plays a Huge Role in the Book, ‘The Diamond as Big...

A) John T. Unger is the protagonist of ‘The Diamond as Big as the Ritz’, he shows us through his eyes as an outsider to both Washington Estate and the world of eminence wealth to be a whole. He helps us understand as he’s trying to escape from Braddock, the antagonist of the story, and the obsession of wealth that plays a very big part in the story. The reason why Braddock is the antagonist is because he tries to steer Unger into being fully obsessed with wealth which is what Fitzgerald tries to show that the world is largely obsessed with the idea of wealth and fortunes. Braddock also is shown as inhuman because he doesn’t think anything about imprisoning and/or murdering people that happen to be his competitors and stand in his way of†¦show more content†¦F) He raises no questions from me with this story and he gives great detail, understanding, and realization of what our world has come to when wealth becomes the main priority instead of faith i n one’s religion. Babylon Revisited F Scott. Fitzgerald Kaley Witwer A) Charlie Wales is the protagonist and actually a very unusual type for Fitzgerald. He’s a ‘recovering’ alcoholic and has some dirty secrets. While he’s the protagonist he’s also his one antagonist because like the quote says ‘you are your own worst enemy.’ He still drinks, even if its one or two drinks, he still has tendencies to be self-destructive and that he doesn’t seem to give much thought about what he does, like when he left his brother-in-laws address for Duncan. Marion Peters is the other antagonist seeing as she is standing in-between Charlie and his daughter and that she also opposes him, but who wouldn’t at some points in the story. D) Wealth, like in a lot of Fitzgerald’s stories, is a big part of the theme. He places ‘Babylon Revisited’ in 1930, right after the stock market crash. It shows that wealth can be destructive not only financially but also in other ways, an example is that Charlie use to be a wealthy man who insists that loosing his family impacted him more than the actual money loss. Alcohol is another big part of the story since Charlie insists he’s a recovering alcoholic but doubtfully is since he still drink one or two glasses a

Monday, December 23, 2019

Marketing Analysis Digital Marketing - 1520 Words

Marketing, just like any aspect of a business’ socio-economic complex, has seen tremendous growth in the past few decades. Primarily motivated by the ever-advancing technology, marketing has taken a bold new perspective that rivals its former self in terms of reach, effectiveness, and general appeal. Industry pundits have acclaimed new age marketing techniques as thoroughly sufficient and one through which economies stands to benefit substantially should they be employed. One such emerging offshoot is digital marketing. Digital marketing is the promotion of products, brand or services in one or more forms of electronic media. It is a departure from traditional marketing in that it involves the use of infrastructures that analyzes marketing campaigns and provides real-time information on their efficacy. It is an umbrella term for interactive, measurable, and targeted marketing of products and services of digital setups to reach masses and convert the resulting leads into customers. Consequently, it is majorly focused on retaining them. Its key objective is to increase sales through various digital marketing techniques, build inference as well as increase a brand s presence. Espoused in it is a comprehensive selection of products, services, and marketing tactics, with the internet at the core of its dissemination. Mobile networks, traditional television, and radio, are also a central part of this marketing concept. Its activities involve, search engine marketing (SEM),Show MoreRelatedMarketing Analys is : Digital Marketing1340 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome clear that in this internet age the world has transformed into electronic information utilization based on technology and globalization, this situation leads to an increase of the use of digital marketing (Syscomdigital.ro, 2015). One of the marketing functions that can be influenced by digital marketing is promotion. Promotions process involves advertising in multichannel and sales promotions. The main way to obtain results through promotions is by ensuring that companies choose the right targetRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Ge Healthcare- Digital Marketing1003 Words   |  5 Pages GE Healthcare- Digital marketing KULDIP MEDHE GE healthcare deliver services to people around the globe using transformational medical technologies. Among them are services such as biopharmaceutical manufacturing technologies, medical diagnostics, medical imaging and information technologies, patient monitoring systems, drug discovery, and performance solutions services. The ultimate goal of using digital marketing strategy is for customer and market acquisition. The reason being is acquireRead MoreA Analysis Of The Digital Marketing Campaign1031 Words   |  5 Pages1. 1. Introduction The report carries out a thorough analysis of the digital marketing campaign For the Bold for product Doritos in social community media and social publishing media. To consider the result whether the campaign succeeds in terms of two criteria of the detailed analysis marketing campaign for growing sales and increasing proximity to customers. The marketing campaign called â€Å"For the Bold† held by the company of Doritos - PepsiCo Inc.(PEP). Based on the data from Savory Snacks IndustryRead MoreMarketing Analysis : B2b Digital Marketing1120 Words   |  5 PagesB2B Digital Marketing | Listen | Plan | Engage | Deliver Exactly What Chinese Clients Expect of You Marketing your business to a Chinese business is in complete contrast to marketing it to a western audience. Potential Chinese clients value various non-intuitive aspects of your business including the ability to extensively negotiate, flexibility, use precise language for what the product delivers, and communicative value, and patiently building relationships. LISTEN — Understanding What ProspectiveRead MoreDigital Marketing Web Analysis Report1369 Words   |  6 Pages Digital Marketing Web Analysis Report Student’s name: Institution: Instructor: Subject: â€Æ' Executive Summary This report looks at the company website for Kogan.com which is the client organization and Appliances online, the field related competitor. The criteria used for analysis depends upon four identified criteria which include: trust, content, usability and design. This four criteria will be used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the particular websites identified above mainly theRead MoreAn Analysis Of Woolworths Australia Digital Marketing Strategy1797 Words   |  8 PagesAn Analysis of Woolworths Australia Digital Marketing Strategy Analyzing the Business Decision Woolworths Limited is an Australian retail company. Judging by market share and sales, Woolworths is the largest food and liquor retailer in Australia. The first store was opened on Friday, 5 December 1924, and today Woolworths operates 1000 stores around Australia. Perishable Pundit (2013) writes that from the beginning, Woolworths used daily newspapers to advertise. â€Å"In 1937 they decided to use theRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Mahalo Digital Company Essay2335 Words   |  10 PagesEstablished in 2002, Mahalo Digital Company specializes in providing innovative Business-to-Business (B2B) communication solutions. There are ten employees in the company who are known as ‘service minds’ and are ready to deliver high-quality products and services to clients. Mahalo’s products and services include doing presentation graphics, web and intranet design, and many more. Mahalo aims to further establish and develop relationship between clients and their customers effectively and efficientlyRead MoreDigital Marketing : What Is It Important?1604 Words   |  7 PagesDigital Marketing: what is it and why is it important? For those who may not be familiar, digital marketing involves the use of a website and any associated marketing tools in order to promote your business online. Despite such an acceleration in terms of Internet use and the ease with which we now access it, the digital world is still a complete mystery to some and as a result, the importance of digital marketing is all but lost on them. What people seem oblivious to is the fact that digital marketingRead MoreEffectiveness Of Digital Marketing For Marketers And Consumers1450 Words   |  6 PagesEFFECTIVENESS OF DIGITAL MARKETING STRATIGIES SONIA DARA Assistant Professor , Department of commerce, Khalsa College For Women, Civil Lines Ludhiana, Punjab, India E-mail- darasonia27@yahoo.in ABSTRACT Marketers are faced with new challenges and opportunities within this digital age. Digital marketing drives the creation of demand using the power of the internet, and satisfies this demand in new and innovative ways. In other words Digital marketing is the utilization of electronicRead MoreAuthentic Wine Country Is A Small Enterprise756 Words   |  4 PagesAuthentic Wine Country cannot let competitors use digital media against them to attract the younger generation and gain market share. In order to guard against competition, the company should utilize business agility to maintain a digital model for providing superior customer service as well as maintain a digital marketing presence that positively and correctly represents the company’s services and reputation to the younger generation. Therefore, Authentic Wine Country must acquire as much knowledge

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Business Correspondence Free Essays

Report: Preposition (Manila Paper, 1nch font) Portfolio in BCTRW(Old Magazine) 1st Page:A Prayer from my Heart (5 sentences) 2nd Page:Importance of Correspondence in my Everyday Life †¢Introduction †¢Importance †¢Conclusion(must be connected to introduction) Correspondence a : the agreement of things with one another b : a particular similarity c : a relation between sets in which each member of one set is associated with one or more members of the other — compare function 5a 2 a : communication by letters; also : the letters exchanged : the news, information, or opinion contributed by a correspondent to a newspaper or periodical Examples of CORRESPONDENCE 1. They communicated by telephone and correspondence. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Correspondence or any similar topic only for you Order Now E-mail correspondence has become extremely important for modern businesses. 3. The two men began a correspondence that would continue throughout their lives. 4. A book of the author’s personal correspondence was published early last year. 5. A formal tone is always used in business correspondence. . Note the correspondence of each number to a location on the map. 7. Sometimes there is little correspondence between the way a word is spelled and the way it is pronounced in English. 8. Sometimes there are few correspondences between spelling and pronunciation. Is business correspondence still essential in this age of computerization? Yes, it is. Business correspondence is still the principal means used by a business firm to keep in touch with its customers. Is business correspondence still essential in this age of computerization ? Yes, it is. Business correspondence is still the principal means used by a business firm to keep in touch with its customers. What are the principles of good business letter ? A good business letter should have five qualities : (a) conciseness; (b) clarity; (c) completeness; (d) correctness; and (e) courtesy. What about the language of a business letter ? Well, just write simply, in an easy and natural way just like you talk with your friends. So, I have to make my business letters sound like a good conversation ? That’s right. To write a business letter is just â€Å"to hold a conversation† by post. By the way, what are the rules of good writing ? In fact, there are a lot of rules to be followed if you want to write good letters. But we may summarize them as follows : 1. Think first of the reader and address yourself to his interests. Tell him or her all he or she wants to know and don’t leave him to guess between the lines. 2. Adopt a tone suited to the occasion and the purpose of the letter 3. Write naturally, as you would talk, using plain and familiar words. 4. Write clearly and to the point. Don’t beat about the bush. Please keep in mind that the most essential point in all business writing is exactness expressed in language that is absolutely clear. 5. Write courteously and make your letter sound friendly and sincere. 6. Avoid wordiness. 7. Avoid commercial jargon. 8. Write effectively. 9. Avoid monotony by introducing variety. 10. Write to a plan if your letter is long or specially important. 11. Pay special attention to the opening and closing paragraphs first and last impressions leave a special mark on the reader. 12. Check your letters before you send them. How to cite Business Correspondence, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Interesting Personal Statement (563 words) Essay Example For Students

Interesting Personal Statement (563 words) Essay Interesting Personal StatementNational Merit ScholarshipScholarship EssayWould you please get the mail, my mother implored as I entered the door. Heading towards the mailbox, I wondered if I would find daily assortment of bills and catalogues or something interesting addressed to me. To my delight, the first item was the new issue of PC Computing.Ever since I was introduced to computers when I was five, I have been fascinated by them. The summer before my sophomore year of high school, I wrote a program called Quickchange 95 using Visual Basic. This program changed the startup and shutdown screens of Windows 95. I distributed the program via shareware archives on the Internet, and I received email from all over the world about my creation. I shuffled through one of my mothers clothing catalogues to find my issue of Money Magazine. I have been interested in business and finance since the day which we started studying the stock market in fifth grade. The summer before my junior year, I combined my interests in business and computers by starting a web design company with a friend. We created a web site for a local bike shop which is only one of two bike shops in Connecticut to have a presence on the Internet. Currently, I am the head web designer for my school. I intend to combine computers and business in my future career. My goal is to work on the business side of a computer firm, and eventually, I would like to start my own computer company. A board of education letter of commendation for my participation in the FIRST robotics program also arrived today. I have been able to develop my entrepreneurial skills through the FIRST robotics program. FIRST is a national engineering competition in which partnerships are formed between local businesses and high schools to design and build a robot-like machine. The team has about six weeks to build a machine, that must be able to compete in a timed sporting event. I have been involved in FIRST each year of my high school career. Last year, I was team captain, and our team finished fourth in the country out of one hundred and fifty-six teams. As a result of my involvement with FIRST, I have improved my confidence, my leadership, and my team working abilities. FIRST gave me experience working with a diverse group of people with a variety of skills. Working alongside engineers from our sponsor company, International Fuel Cells, exposed me to the professional world beyond the classroom . I have a great appreciation for this program which has challenged me to bring out the best in myself and others. My last piece of mail was Tennis Magazine. I began playing tennis at the age of eight. During my freshman year, I played on the junior varsity tennis team, and I received the Manchester Racquet Club deserving player award which is a scholarship for a year of indoor lessons. The next two seasons, I played on the varsity tennis team.Last year, I was named to the Hartford Courant All Academic Team. Tennis has provided a welcome diversion from my technical pursuits. What took you so long? my mother asked as I entered the house. Oh nothing, I really have to start my homework, as I tucked my magazines under my arms and ran up the stairs.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Pierre Trudeau, Former Prime Minister Of Canada, Was Once Described As

Pierre Trudeau, former Prime Minister of Canada, was once described as "A French Canadian proud of his identity and culture, yet a biting critic of French-Canadian society, determined to destroy its mythology and illusions". He has also been identified as "A staunch, upholder of provincial autonomy holding the justice portfolio in the federal government". Such cumulative appraisal and observation made by past fellow bureaucrat provides high testimonial for the ex-Democratic Socialist. This critique will establish and dispute the prime directives that Trudeau had advocated in his own book written during the years 1965 to 1967. The compilation of political essays featured in his book deal with the diverse complexities of social, cultural and economical issues that were predominant in Canadian politics during the mid 1960's. However, throughout my readings I was also able to discover the fundamental principles that Trudeau would advocate in order to establish a strong and productive influence in Canadian politics. Born in 1921, Trudeau entered the world in a bilingual/bicultural home located in the heart of Montreal, Quebec. His acceptance into the University of Montreal would mark the beginning of his adventures into the Canadian political spectrum. Early in his life, Trudeau had become somewhat anti-clerical and possessed communist ideologies which were considered radical at the time. Graduating from prestigious institutions such as Harvard and The School of Economics in England, Turdeau returned to Canada in 1949 and resumed his social science endeavors. At this time in Quebec, the province was experiencing tremendous cultural and political differences with the rest of the country. The Union Nationale had taken possession of political matters in Quebec and was steadily dismantling the socialist essence imposed on the province by the Federal government. The current Prime Minister, Maurice Duplessis, found himself battling a religious nationalist movement that corrupted the very fabric of political stability in Quebec. The Duplessis faction maintained their conservative approach towards political reform but failed to sway the majority of the population into alleviating with the demands of the Canadian government. The citizens of Quebec revered their clerical sector as holding 'utmost importance' towards preserving French cultural values and this did not correlate with the Federal government's policies and ideals. Francophones were under the impression that their own Federal government had set out to crush and assimilate what had remained of their illustrious heritage in order to accommodate economic and political tranquility. Trudeau himself had decided to join the nationalist uprising with his advocation of provincial autonomy. Ultimately, he and other skilled social scientists attempted to bring down the Duplessis party in 1949, but failed miserably in their efforts. Duplessis buckled underneath the continuous pressure of French patriotism and was rewarded for his inept idleness by winning his fourth consecutive election in 1956. Although nothing of significance had been accomplished, Quebec has solidified its temporary presence in confederation at such a time. This prompted Trudeau to involve himself in provincial diplomacy as he would engage in several media projects that would voice his displeasure and disapproval with the ongoing cultural predicament in Canada (this included a syndicated newspaper firm, live radio programs). "If, in the last analysis, we continually identify Catholicism with conservatism and patriotism with immobility, we will lose by default that which is in play between all cultures...". By literally encouraging a liberal, left- wing revolution in his province, Trudeau believed that Democracy must come before Ideology. Gradually, his disposition would attract many politicians and advocates of Socialism, and thus it allowed him to radiate his ideology onto the populace of Quebec. Trudeau makes it clear in his book that during the early years of the Duplessis government, he was a staunch admirer of provincial autonomy, but with the archaic sequence of events following the conflicts that arouse between Federal and Provincial matters in Quebec, he had taken a stance on Federalism that involved security, economic prosperity and centralized authority. It wasn't until 1963 when the newly appointed Premier of Quebec, Rene Levesque, warned that there must be a new Canada within five years or Quebec will quit confederation. It was not until 1965 that a man named Pierre Trudeau entered politics. It is at this point in his anthology that I was able to surmise the radical

Monday, November 25, 2019

Tourism Industry of Malaysia Essay Example

Tourism Industry of Malaysia Essay Example Tourism Industry of Malaysia Essay Tourism Industry of Malaysia Essay Tourism Industry of Malaysia (Background) The early 70s spelt the beginning of a `new era`. The old Tourism Department of 1959 was then upgraded into the Tourism Development Corporation. The formation of the Tourism Development Corporation (TDC) in 1972 and placing it under the purview of the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MITI) for strategic planning and focus charted a new era in the history of the tourism industry. That was the same year Malaysia Airlines was formed (1972). It was the dawn of a new beginning and both TDC and MAS were tasked to put Malaysia on the world tourist map. Since then, the Malaysian economy remains relatively robust with manufacturing and tourism taking the lead. Today, the tourism industry has experienced a rapid growth and gained an importance in the Malaysian economy. It is the second largest foreign exchange earner, after manufacturing. This is in line with the government’s objective to accelerate the domestic private sector and stimulate the services sector to spearhead economic growth. Tourism’s Contribution Receipts In the context of tourism receipts, the contribution from this sector has been very encouraging. For instance, the Malaysian economy registered RM17. 40 billion in receipts from 10. 22 million visitors in 2000 (just a year after implementing the three-pronged action). This constituted a 28. 9 per cent increase between 1999 and 2000. With the exception of 2003 (SARS Gulf War), this upward trend continued until today. From the tourism receipts (tourism revenue) contribution, there exists a steady growth. For example, tourism receipts increased from RM17. 40 billion in 2000 to RM24. 20 billion a year later and then increased further to RM25. 80 billion (2002), RM29. billion (2004) and RM32. 00 billion in 2005. Last year Malaysia received RM36. 3 billion (USD10. 4 billion) in tourism receipts. The top 10 markets in 2006 were Singapore (9,656,251 arrivals), Thailand (1,891,921 arrivals), Indonesia (1,217,024 arrivals), Brunei (784,446 arrivals), China (439,294 arrivals), Japan (354,213 arrivals), India (279,046 arrivals), Australia (277,125 arrivals), United Kingdom (252,035 arrival s) and the Philippines (211,123 arrivals). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Malaysias services sector is the largest sector in the economy, contributing 52. % to GDP and 48. 6% to total employment in 2000. The government views the services sector as a catalyst for growth Last year, the national GDP was at RM1,098. 3 billion or USD 313. 8 billion (constant 1987 prices) with a growth of 5. 9 % of which RM36. 3 billion or USD 10. 3 billion came from the tourism sector thus making it as the second economic contributor for 2006. The Services Sector accounts about 54 % of the national GDP. Jobs / Employment Out of the total national workforce, 51% (2005) were in the services sector. This translates into almost 5. million out of the 10. 73 million of the national workforce being employed either directly or indirectly in the tourism sector, be it in hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, airlines, transportation etc†¦By providing job opportunities, the tourism sector has played a role in keeping unemployment down to a low at 3. 5% (2 005/2006). Retail Sector With the introduction of the MEGA SALE Carnival in 1999, the economy received a boost from the retail sector. The Malaysian tourism authority has undertaken efforts to position Malaysia as a leading international shopping destination. The Mega Sales Carnivals were held on a nationwide basis were successful in attracting more shoppers. Each Mega Sale has managed to attract additional half a million foreign visitors and day-trippers from theneighbouring countries, on top of the normal tourist arrivals. The effort facilitated the growth in tourism expenditure and consumer demand, which enhanced the growth of retail trade. For instance, in 2003, the retail sector made up just over 13% of Malaysia’s gross domestic product (GDP) and employed about 730,000 workers, or 7% of the total workforce. Then in 2005, the retail sector made a 10. 2 % growth in sales over the same period in 2004. Its relations to other sectors of the economy, such as wholesaling, advertisement and promotions, info technology and logistics, ensure it that it has a pivotal role to play. Education tourism The increase in the number of institutions of higher learning and twinning programmes with foreign universities provided the foundation for the growth in education tourism. Currently, over 50,000 foreign students registered with institutions of higher learning in the country. There are additional spins-offs as parents of foreign students took the opportunity to spend their holidays at tourist attractions when visiting their children. Education tourism has become popular as reflected by the demand for tours to visit schools to enable students from other countries to gain knowledge of the school education system as well as experience the Malaysian school atmosphere, which is unique with the social interaction of the various ethnic groups besides contributing to the national economy. Medical and Health Sector Since it was introduced in 1999, the medical and health tourism has contributed handsomely to the national economy. Last year (2006), a total of 296,687 health tourists visited Malaysia yielding revenue totalling RM203. 66 million (USD32. 8 million). Malaysia My Second Home Malaysia My Second Home Programme is promoted by the Government of Malaysia to allow people from all over the world who fulfil certain criteria, to stay in Malaysia as long as possible on a social visit pass with a multiple entry visa. The Social Visit Pass is initially for a period of ten (10) years (depending on the validity of the applicants’ passport) and is renewable. The programme has managed to attract more than 10,000 foreigners since it was introduced in 1996 to date. Last year alone there were 1,728 people registered under the programme, which has various flexible conditions, and was introduced to enable foreigners with a high income to stay in the country for at least five years or for a longer period of time. VISIT MALAYSIA YEAR 2007 This year, Malaysia’s focus will be on the Visit Malaysia Year (VMY) 2007, was is aimed at aggressively promoting Malaysia, increasing 4 tourist arrivals, as well as encouraging domestic tourism among Malaysians. Coincidentally, 2007 is also the year of Malaysia’s 50th independence. As such, the Visit Malaysia Year campaign is a timely event to celebrate Malaysia’s golden jubilee. It is an occasion to rejoice and to share with the world the unique qualities and virtues that have shaped Malaysia to be the country that it is today. The VMY 2007 campaign is expected to raise the awareness of foreign tourists to enable them to plan their holidays in Malaysia. For VMY 2007, the country has set a target to attract 20. 1 million tourists. Overall, there are over 240 events, of which, 50 being major eventsand 5 as international mega events. All these events are presented in `One Golden Celebration`. A celebration that brings Malaysia to the world, and the world to Malaysia. The first event of the year was the Visit Malaysia Year Grand Launch on 6 January by the Honourable Prime Minister of Malaysia in the presence 500 international media and trade representatives from all over the world. Highlight of the Grand Launch was the unveiling of the Eye on Malaysia, which is a 60-metre Ferris wheel followed by the Flora Fest Parade, a spectacular display of floats dressed in all kinds of flowers found in Malaysia. The other mega events include the Malaysian International Aerospace Adventure, the International Fireworks Display, the Malaysian International Tattoo and the KL International Buskers Festival. Conclusion: The tourism industry has come along way since its inception in 1959 with only a Tourism Department back then. Today, after 50 years and half of a century later, the industry has moved with such celerity to become the second income spinner to the national economy whilst experiencing tremendous growth from year to year. The string of awards and accolades awarded to Malaysia bears testimony to this fact. Malaysia was voted as one of the top five most popular outbound destinations in 2006 out of 100 countries in a poll organised by Guangzhou Daily, the biggest South 5 China newspaper which has a daily circulation of 1. 8million. Malaysia received two awards at the tourism film competition Das goldene Stadttor (The Golden City Gate) during the world’s largest tourism exhibition, ITB, in March 2007. The tropical nature paradise won the gold award for the â€Å"Malaysia Now† global online campaign and a silver award for its 60-second TV commercial themed â€Å"The Time is No w, The Place is Malaysia. † Malaysia was also named the â€Å"Best Tourism Destination 2006† by the American business travel magazine Global Traveller in the beginning of the year. In early May 2007, Malaysia was awarded as the `Best Summer Destination` for United Arab Emirates residents by Asfaar Magazine.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The UzDaewoo Auto Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The UzDaewoo Auto Project - Assignment Example Uzbekistan was and continues to self sufficient on the agriculture front. Uzbekistan is the fourth largest producer of cotton in the world producing more than 1.5 million tons every year. The country also produces 70 Tons every year of gold making it the leading producer in the region for the metal. It also produces 40 billion tons of natural gas. Uzbek remains one of the largest producers of molybdenum, tungsten, copper and zinc. Though the large desert lands in the middle of the country hurts the continuity of living space, the country boasts itself of a large natural resource and rich agricultural produce. We can possible conclude that there is immense potential for growth in the country with a high education background and an adult literacy rate of over 90%, this is going to be a major motivating factor for any investor. Political climate in the country was stable and was more for consistent economic and industrial growth which would result in better living standards of its people. Fourth reason that any investor should consider is, nearly 85% of the people hold driving license where as only one million cars were plying the roads of Uzbekistan in 1980s when the total population was 22 million and 85% of them could drive! The major competition in Uzbekistan market for cars was from Russia, other Korean companies, European companies and a few US companies like GM and Ford. Russians had positioned their low end model in the country and it was selling at around 6,000/- rubles and the Ford was selling its Escort as a C Class car at around USD 10,000/-. Taking all this into consideration3, Daewoo needs to position itself one at the lower end of the market where there is a huge market since the country has a huge population not having a car to drive but know driving4. There are also people in the market who already had a car but is in need of the luxury that only a better car could provide. There is also a requirement for Daewoo to position a van that would carry a larger number of people instead of the traditional four. Based on all these requirements and also on the fact that the climate and the road conditions in Uzbekistan is not congenial for standard low bodied and low chassis models, cars have to be redesigned to suit the conditions existing in that country5. Daewoo had to and did position a model for every one of these requirements faced by the company. There was a low end module, Tico, which was sold at around USD 6,790/- that catered to the needs described

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Dark child Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dark child - Essay Example Two of the major characters in the book are his parents. His father is the village goldsmith, whose spirit dwells in a snake; â€Å"No one was to kill him because he was my fathers guiding spirit!†(Laye 22). He is described as an â€Å"open handed, lavish giver† albeit â€Å"temperate†(Laye 20- 21). Laye portrays him as a great man, the man in whose footsteps he could have followed to attain a similar greatness, but for the fact that he opts for Western education instead. It is his father whom Laye turns to for guidance when he must choose whether or not to attend school in Conkary; â€Å"What must I do if I am to do the right thing?† (Laye 29). His father tells him â€Å"There is a certain form of behavior to observe, and certain ways of acting in order that the guiding spirit of our race may approach you also†¦..I fear, I very much fear little one that you are not enough in my company. You are all day at school.† (Laye 27). Laye’s ance stral heritage is replete with mysticism, charms and spirits, his father’s spirit is a snake, his mother’s a crocodile – each has an individual totem with which identification is complete. But young Laye is unable to find his own totem; â€Å"yes the world rolls on†¦.and the proof of it is that my own totem†¦.is still unknown to me.† (Laye 75). Laye’s grandmother is portrayed as the typical Universal grandmother, who loves him without question or reason, examining him every time he visits her and moaning about how thin he is. His mother is the strongest influence in his life – Laye shares a special relationship with her, awe struck by her supernatural powers. She is portrayed as a strong influence in the home; â€Å"everything was done according to her own rules and those rules were strict† (Laye 68). She was authoritarian, unlike other African women who played a more submissive role and Laye states; â€Å"It was due to the strange powers she possessed.† (Laye 69).

Monday, November 18, 2019

Rapid rise of Constructivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rapid rise of Constructivism - Essay Example Inception of the 20th century international politics observed a slow but gradual decline of power among powerful nations across the globe in the context of reflecting their respective approach towards colonialism; an overview of the entire international political scenario provides a picture where several nations have already emerged as potential rulers of the entire globe. Each of those powers, separately, produced their respective claims in the context of governing international politics, argued in favor of their respective status of regarding control of international trade, business affairs and in every such situation that prevented each of those powerful nations to attain their benefits to the best extent possible, they adopted quite an uncompromising approach to solve the issue. Clearly, emergence of the several powers within the domain of international political scenario, especially during the pre-World War II period resulted in continuous conflict of power and multipolar standa rd was followed till the end of Great War II. However, conflict of power and multipolar political structure gradually reveled only two powers, namely the United States and Soviet Union that were capacitated to continue their influence over international politics, irrespective of the cultural, political and economic crisis that they encountered during the World War II: â€Å"In the multipolar era, twelve great powers appeared on the scene at one time or another. At the beginning of World War II, seven remained.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Pipeline Hydraulics Design Basis Engineering Essay

Pipeline Hydraulics Design Basis Engineering Essay It includes the pipe and flow characteristics of the transported fluid under specified operating conditions as established in the design basis. Velocity The pipeline has to be laid for the distance of 770km between Portland and Montreal, the fluid in the pipe is Light Crude Oil. Velocity of flow in a pipeline is the average velocity based on the pipe diameter and liquid flow rate. Its selection is first step in the designing procedure of our project. The flow velocity can have both advantages and drawbacks. High velocities can cause turbulence, and the striking of the fluid on the walls of the pipe which will cause damage to the pipes and eventually erode away the pipe, while low velocity on the other hand can cause the deposition of particulates in the line and cleanliness of the fluid will be compromised. Therefore, to avoid these problemsliquid lines are normally sized to maintain a velocity sufficient to keep the solid particles from depositing and also to prevent the erosion of the pipe. Under these considerations the recommended velocity is in the range of 3ft/s to 8ft/s. From this selected range of velocity we have to select a single velocity. The velocity we have selected for our line is 5ft/s. This is the intermediate velocity from the recommended range and all the further calculations will be done on this velocity. Velocity Selection The range as mentioned above is taken as 3ft/s to 5ft/s. The next step is to select a single velocity from this range. We have selected 5ft/s for our line. The reason for this velocity selection is the trade-off between pipe diameter and number of pump stations. According to continuity equation if we increase the velocity, the corresponding diameter will reduce but the pressure loss will increase due to which a higher number of pump stations are required. Similarly if we decrease the velocity, the number of pump stations will reduce but the diameter will increase for a given flow rate. Since the pipeline is laid over a long distance, the pipeline cost holds the major share of the capital investment therefore increasing the diameter will adversely affect the economics of pipeline. This trade-off is visible in the calculations shown in appendix A. The other reason for choosing this velocity is that if the flow rate fluctuates in the future for any reason the diameter selected from this intermediate velocity will be able to accommodate those variations without affecting our system. Diameter Calculation Calculation of the diameter is the core of the hydraulic designing.The diameter selected should be able to support the stresses on the pipe, the capacity of the fluid and minimize the pressure losses. Under given flow rate and assumed velocities, we can calculate the pipe diameter using continuity equation: V=Q/A V: Flow velocity Q: Volume flow rate A: Cross sectional area The flow rate is given as 109,000bbl/day or 7.1ft^3/s. The diameters are calculated at 3, 4, 5ft/s velocities and the respective diameters are 20.83, 18.04 and 16.14. Selection of Diameter As mentioned above 5ft/s is selected as the recommended velocity and the corresponding internal diameter (ID) is 16.14in. Nominal Pipe Size For the internal diameter subsequently we have to calculate the nominal pipe size. To calculate the nominal diameter we refer to the Pipe Data provided for the Carbon Steel. From the table shown in appendix B, it is found out that consequent nominal pipe size will be 18in. Characteristics of Flow Different flow properties are calculated to determine the regime of flow, losses in the pipes. The nature of the flow can be laminar or turbulent.There are two types of the losses. Major losses include the losses due to friction in straight pipes and minor losses due to bends, valves, tees. To calculate these we will be dealing with Reynolds number (for nature of flow), Moody diagram (for friction factor) and head loss calculations. Losses As the fluid flows through the pipe there is friction at the pipe wall and fluid interface in the straight portions of the pipe due to interference between the fluid and the walls of the pipe. This friction results in results in the loss of energy in the lineat the expense of liquid pressure and the losses are known as the major losses. Pipe systems consist of components in addition to straight pipes. These include bends, valves, tees etc and add further to the losses in the line. These losses are termed as minor losses.Experimental data is used to calculate these losses as the theoretical prediction is complex. Major Losses The pressure drop due to friction in a pipeline depends on the flow rate, pipe diameter, pipe roughness, liquid specific gravity, and viscosity. In addition, the frictional pressure drop depends on the Reynolds number (and hence the flow regime). Therefore, the fluid in the pipeline will undergo pressure losses as it runs in the line and reduce the operating pressure. This loss needs to be recovered and to maintain the pressure pumps are installed at specific locations according to the requirement (pumps are discussed in Chapter ahead). These pressure losses are calculated by using the Darcy-Weisbach formula à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  P = f(L/D)(V^2/2)à Ã‚  Where, f=Darcy friction factor, dimensionless, usually a number between 0.008 and 0.10 L=Pipe length, ft D=Pipe internal diameter, ft The pressure loss for velocity of 5ft/s comes out to be 9625.15psi. All the relevant calculations are shown in appendix A. Minor Losses Real pipeline systems mostly consist of more than straight pipes. The additional components (valves, tees and bends) add to the overall loss of the system. These are termed as minor losses. In case of very long pipes, these losses are usually insignificant incomparison to the  fluid friction in the length considered. But in case  of short pipes,these minor losses may actually be major losses such as in  suction pipe of a pumpwith strainer and foot valves.These losses represent additional energy dissipation in the flow, usually caused by secondary flows induced by curvature or recirculation. Minor loss in diverging flow is much larger than that  in converging flow. Minor lossesgenerally increase with an increase in the geometric distortion of the flow. Thoughminor losses are usually confined to a very  short length of path, the effects may  notdisappear for a considerable distance downstream. It  is insignificant in case of  laminar flow. The pressure drop through valves and fittings is generallyexpressed in terms of the liquid kinetic energy V2/2g multiplied by a head loss coefficient K. Comparing this with the Darcy-Weisbach equation for head loss in a pipe, we can see the following analogy. For a straight pipe, the head loss h is V2/2g multiplied by the factor (fL/D). Thus, the head loss coefficient for a straight pipe is fL/D. Therefore, the pressure drop in a valve or fitting is calculated as follows: h=K(V^2)/2g Where, h=Head loss due to valve or fitting, ft K=Head loss coefficient for the valve or fitting, dimensionless V=Velocity of liquid through valve or fitting, ft/s g=Acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 ft/s2 in English units The head loss coefficient K is, for a given flow geometry, considered practically constant at high Reynolds number. K increases with pipe roughness and with lower Reynolds numbers. In general the value of K is determined mainly by the flow geometry or by the shape of the pressureloss device. Minor loss is generally expressed in one of  the two ways In terms of minor loss factor K. In terms length, equivalent to a  certain length of straight pipe, usuallyexpressed in terms of number of pipe diameter. The minor losses for our system are calculated and result in a very low value and can easily be neglected. Reynolds Number Flow in a liquid pipeline may be smooth, laminar flow, also known as viscous or streamline flow. In this type of flow the liquid flows in layers or laminations without causing eddies or turbulence. But as the velocity increases the flow changes from laminar to turbulent with eddies and turbulences. The important parameter used in classifying the type of flow in the pipe is called Reynolds Number. Reynolds number gives us the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and is used to determine the nature of flow using the recommended velocity and the internal diameter. Reynolds number is given by Re = à Ã‚ VD/ µ Flow through pipes is classified into three main flow regimes and depending upon the Reynolds number, flow through pipes will fall in one of the following three flow regimes. 1. Laminar flow: R 2. Critical flow: R>2000 and R 3. Turbulent flow: R>4000 Friction Factor Friction Factor is a dimensionless number required to calculate the pressure losses in the pipe. Tests have shown that f is dependent upon Reynolds number and relative roughness of the pipe. Relative roughness is ratio of absolute pipe wall roughness ÃŽÂ µ to the pipe diameter D. For laminar flow, with Reynolds number R f=64/R For laminar flow the friction factor depends only on the Reynolds number and is independent of the internal condition of the pipe. Thus, regardless of whether the pipe is smooth or rough, the friction factor for laminar flow is a number that varies inversely with the Reynolds number. For turbulent flow, when the Reynolds number R>4000, the friction factor f depends not only on R but also on the internal roughness of the pipe. As the pipe roughness increases, so does the friction factor. Therefore, smooth pipes have a smaller friction factor compared with rough pipes. More importantly, friction factor depends on the relative roughness (ÃŽÂ µ/D) rather than the absolute pipe roughness ÃŽÂ µ. In the turbulent region it can be calculated using either the Colebrook-White equation or the Moody Diagram. Colebrook-White Equation The Colebrook equation is an implicit equation that combines experimental results of studies of turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipe The Colebrook equation is given as: 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f = -2log((ÃŽÂ µ/3.7D)+(2.51/Reà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f)) But the turbulent flow region (R>4000) consists of three separate regions: Turbulent flow in smooth pipes Turbulent flow in fully rough pipes Transition flow between smooth and rough pipes For turbulent flow in smooth pipes, pipe roughness has a negligible effect on the friction factor. Therefore, the friction factor in this region depends only on the Reynolds number as follows: 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f = -2log(2.51/Reà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f) For turbulent flow in fully rough pipes, the friction factor f appears to be less dependent on the Reynolds number as the latter increases in magnitude. It depends only on the pipe roughness and diameter. It can be calculated from the following equation: 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f = -2log((ÃŽÂ µ/3.7D) For the transition region between turbulent flow in smooth pipes and turbulent flow in fully rough pipes, the friction factor f is calculated using the Colebrook-White equation given above: 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f = -2log((ÃŽÂ µ/3.7D)+(2.51/Reà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f)) Moody Diagram The Colebrook equation is an implicit equation and requires trial and error method to calculate f.To provide the ease for calculating f scientists and researchers developed a graphical method known as Moody diagram.The Moody chart or Moody diagramis a graph that relates the friction factor, Reynolds number and relative roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe.In the diagram friction factor is plotted verses Reynolds number. The curves are plotted using the experimental data. The Moody diagram represents the complete friction factor map for laminar and all turbulent regions of pipe flows. To use the Moody diagram for determining the friction factor f we first calculate the Reynolds number R for the flow. Next, we find the location on the horizontal axis of Reynolds number for the value of R and draw a vertical line that intersects with the appropriate relative roughness (e/D) curve. From this point of intersection on the (e/D) curve, we read the value of the friction factor f on the vertical axis on the left. Other Pressure Drop Relations Hazen-Williams Equation The Hazen-Williams equation is commonly used in the design of waterdistribution lines and in the calculation of frictional pressure drop inrefined petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel. This methodinvolves the use of the Hazen-Williams C-factor instead of pipe roughnessor liquid viscosity. The pressure drop calculation using the Hazen-Williams equation takes into account flow rate, pipe diameter, and specificgravity as follows: h=4.73L(Q/C)1.852/D4.87 Where, h=Head loss due to friction, ft L=Pipe length, ft D=Pipe internal diameter, ft Q=Flow rate, ft3/s C=Hazen-Williams coefficient or C-factor, dimensionless In customary pipeline units, the Hazen-Williams equation can berewritten as follows in English units: Q=0.1482(C)(D)2.63 (Pm/Sg)0.54 Where, Q=Flow rate, bbl/day D=Pipe internal diameter, in. Pm=Frictional pressure drop, psi/mile Sg=Liquid specific gravity Another form of Hazen-Williams equation, when the flow rate is in gal/ min and head loss is measured in feet of liquid per thousand feet of pipe is as follows: GPM=6.7547ÃÆ'-10-3(C)(D)2.63(HL)0.54 Where, GPM=Flow rate, gal/min HL=Friction loss, ft of liquid per 1000 ft of pipe In SI units, the Hazen-Williams equation is as follows: Q=9.0379ÃÆ'-10-8(C)(D)2.63(Pkm/Sg)0.54 Where, Q=Flow rate, m3/hr D=Pipe internal diameter, mm Pkm=Frictional pressure drop, kPa/km Sg=Liquid specific gravity Shell-MIT Equation The Shell-MIT equation, sometimes called the MIT equation, is used in the calculation of pressure drop in heavy crude oil and heated liquid pipelines. Using this method, a modified Reynolds number Rm iscalculated first from the Reynolds number as follows: R=92.24(Q)/(DÃŽÂ ½) Rm=R/(7742) Where, R=Reynolds number, dimensionless Rm=Modified Reynolds number, dimensionless Q=Flow rate, bbl/day D=Pipe internal diameter, in. ÃŽÂ ½=Kinematic viscosity, cSt Than depending on the flow (laminar or turbulent), the friction factor is calculated from one of the following equations: f=0.00207/Rm (laminar flow) f=0.0018+0.00662(1/Rm)0.355 (turbulent flow) Finally, the pressure drop due to friction is calculated using theequation Pm=0.241(f SgQ2)/D5 Where, Pm=Frictional pressure drop, psi/mile f=Friction factor, dimensionless Sg=Liquid specific gravity Q=Flow rate, bbl/day D=Pipe internal diameter, in. In SI units the MIT equation is expressed as follows: Pm=6.2191ÃÆ'-1010(f SgQ2)/D5 Where, Pm=Frictional pressure drop, kPa/km f=Friction factor, dimensionless Sg=Liquid specific gravity Q=Flow rate, m3/hr D=Pipe internal diameter, mm

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Economic Trade-off Analysis of Cracker Jack :: essays papers

Economic Trade-off Analysis of Cracker Jack When I was little, Cracker Jack came in cardboard boxes, and the prize inside was often pretty cool: a whistle or a ring, or some similar gadget. This was also in the days when Oscar Mayer gave away tiny hot-dog-shaped whistles as promotional items. In those days, whistles were pretty popular. Slide whistles were a very common favor at birthday parties. I remember an older cousin came back from the army once, and he had a really cool whistle that played several different notes. It had come out of a box of cracker jacks. My supplier in those days was my grandfather, who conveniently owned a liquor store. My brother and sister played with my cousins in canyons and caves made out of the corrugated cardboard crates in the storeroom of beer and cigarettes. Of all the goods in the store, the interesting ones were the freezer (ice cream), the candy rack, and the magazines (Archie, Richie Rich, The Avengers, Fantastic Four...). The comics must have come from a Marvel distributor rather than DC, because Batman and Superman were rarities; Spiderman was ubiquitous. Cracker Jack was advertised as America's favorite snack. There were some drawbacks that were well-known to 10-year olds back then. First, the pour spout was a fraud. "Push here to open" was a lie. The box was not perforated there, and it was difficult if not impossible for small fingers to puncture the cardboard. Far more effective was to peel away the outer wrapper and slip open the box at a seam. The other well-known bug was that all the peanuts were always at the bottom. The problem with the peanuts didn't bother me, however, since I didn't care much for them. I was in the store the other day, and ran into America's favorite snack again. The product hung in four-ounce bags near the bakery section of the supermarket. Bags of Cracker Jack? The package coloring was the same, the logo was still a boy in a sailor outfit accompanied by a dog: Sailor Jack and Bingo. It was 99 cents, and there was a surprise inside. Didn't it used to specify a "toy" surprise inside? I had known that for some time now, Cracker Jack did not come with real toys; instead, today's youngsters get tiny joke books or stickers. No whistles or rings or anything that might possibly present either a choking hazard or a potential lawsuit. Besides, paper is a lot cheaper to manufacture than plastic, so I'm sure the profit margins went up. Today's prize, once I opened up the the package, was a paper ring.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Patriots, Loyalist, and the Neutral Ones Stuck in the Middle

Patriots, Loyalist, and the Neutral Ones Stuck in the Middle Today’s America is known for many things; however, one of the things it is notorious for is being a free country. Becoming a free country did not come without many trials and tribulations. The freedom that the American people now have grown so accustomed to started with fierce opposition not only from Britain, but from many of the Englishmen who lived in American colonies. The people that supported Britain throughout the American Revolution are referred to as Loyalists.On the other side of the spectrum, the people that strongly opposed Britain’s rule and King George III are known as Patriots. Patriots fought against the acts that Britain wanted to enforce and believed the colonies should have independence from Britain. Last there were the people who were neutral. While the Patriots and Loyalists were large in numbers, those in the neutral party were the minority, often suffering hardship due to their stance.Al though the Patriots found unity in the beliefs they held towards Britain, they were a blend of people from many different backgrounds. Patriots were a blended group of people from different social classes, from farmers to lawyers. They did not all share the same education level or common interests. The Patriot party was not fueled by people who were seeking their own power just for the purpose of being free. They were a group of people who felt like Britain was unjust in their tactics of rule. During, and immediately after the military conflict, a ferment of ideas — argued and discussed by an assemblage of remarkable men whose likes have rarely been seen — produced an innovative combination of republicanism and federalism that would serve as a model form of government for humankind, offering fresh political opportunities. † (Cowley and Parker 2001) The Patriots were against what they felt was unfair taxation, which was the beginning foundation of â€Å"no taxati on without representation. Some Patriots felt that loyalty should still be in place towards King George III; however like those who didn’t express similar loyalties, they felt â€Å"that taxes should be regulated by their own legislatures, not by members of Parliament in Great Britain. † (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2011) One of their base core values was liberty. However the liberties they wanted or already had experienced, had been threatened by the Britain’s greed. They opposed being held to rules that were not put in place by the population majority.They felt it was only just that the people in the colonies have rules and regulations that they set instead of following everything that Britain desired. Patriots had an overall want for a common good. The poor people would not be held to things the rich would put in place, instead the people of the colonies would find a common unity to benefit all of its inhabitants. Loyalists were a party of people that would clo sely identify with today’s slogan â€Å"if it isn’t broke, why fix it†. Everyone living in the colonies had adhered to the rules and regulations set forth in Britain before and in their eyes, change was not necessary.Many lacked the desire to rear against a country with so much power. Unlike the Loyalists opposing group, the demographics were much more similar in those that followed the King. Money was a common factor for them and so was the responsibility of being a business owner. Many business owners had links to Britain that tied their livelihood in America to their loyalties they expressed for Britain. Many Loyalists had ties to Britain’s upper-class through marriage and other family. All factors that can solidify the stance many Loyalists chose.They also feared the upheaval that could arise without being under the control of Britain. They had no way of knowing their families would be safe or that their businesses would not be destroyed. They had no reason to be confident there worries might be unjustified when the Patriots resorted to violence. Britain wasn’t only safe because change is hard; Britain was safe because of the orderliness that they maintained. Loyalists also felt it was a moral issue to not be loyal to King George III.In their eyes, they did not have the power to choose and side when their moral beliefs told them their only option was to be loyal to the crown. Finally there was the group that did not take a solid stance on either side of the debate. The neutral party was not necessarily the easier side to be on though. They tried to keep more to themselves and not be as active as others did. They tried to maintain a low profile and stay out of the way. However, by not choosing to be on one side or the other they were looked at poorly by both Patriots and Loyalists.They continued business with Britain, and followed their own protocol they deemed appropriate for themselves. â€Å"Men of good will simply sho uld not rob and butcher one another, they believed, and many felt that the correct stance was to refrain if at all possible from any form of participation. † (Fellman 1990) Note that â€Å"if at all possible† was not always permitted. â€Å"Nearly half of all colonists did not want to take sides. They wanted to remain neutral in the conflict between the British and the Patriots. But they were forced to choose sided once the war began. (Todd 2001) Everyone living in the American colonies during the war felt the effects. Though not all wanted to be involved, nor did many feel the need to participate, it was unavoidable. Men, women, and children shed blood; there was no one who was not impacted. Being a Patriot, Loyalist, or a neutral party was based on differences varying from monetary and social class, right down to fear of change; however, there was no difference when comparing the high emotion and the impact experienced during the American War.Works Cited Cowley, Robe rt, and Geoffrey Parker. Reader's Companion to Military History. Wilmington: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001. Fellman, Michael. Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War. Oxford University Press, 1990. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2011. http://www. hmheducation. com/fl/pdf/resources/Grade5/T-5-1_SFLETG713311_TGL08. pdf (accessed September 14, 2012). Todd, Anne M. The Revolutionary War. Capstone, 2001.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Essay on Secularization

Essay on Secularization Essay on Secularization Essay on Secularization1) After 10 years since the publication of â€Å"God is dead: secularization in the West†, Steve Bruce returned to the topic of secularization in order to response on the objections raised against his theory. In fact, polemic aspect of the work raises the most interest as theoretical part hardly differs from the one represented in the book â€Å"God is dead†. Here one may find the same scheme, which describes the movement from the protestant reformation through the industrial capitalism to the secular state and liberal democracy within the frameworks of which there goes â€Å"secularization in the West†. The whole process of secularization, if to describe it in a couple of words, is in the fact that individualism, diversity and egalitarianism in the context of liberal democracy undermine the authority of religion. Social meaning of religion declines and it becomes personal deal of the believer.Most of the arguments against the theory of sec ularization are based on not understanding or false interpretation of this theory. Bruce is required to explain that he is not inventing some immutable law of social development that is applicable to all societies. Paradigm of secularization is an attempt to explain some common treats of the recent past of the modern liberal democracies [Bruce S., 2011]. That is why it is impossible to refute the secularization theory by means of, for instance, reference on the Islamic Revolution in Iran. Even if the political regime was secular, the Iran community could have been whatever, but the industrial liberal democracy.One more argument against the secularization theory is that even in the most secularized countries despite the evident decline of traditional religions, most of the population still believes that there is some numen, God or etc. Secularization theory does not imply that all members of modernized secular society should be atheists. Bruce responses on the critiques according to which the more is religious â€Å"supply†, the more is religious â€Å"demand† and vice versa. He pays attention to the fact that in the western world the most homogeneous catholic and orthodox communities are more religious than the pluralistic protestant ones.Secularization theory says about the decline of social role of religion and about the decline of intensity of religious life at the level of individual believers. Bruce emphasizes that secularization while being irreversible process is still not uniform process. Some â€Å"slowing† of the secularization process still exists as while secularization becomes stronger, there appear stronger opposition in relation to it and different religious groups start attracting new followers and showing great activity as there appear more evident and clear threat for their traditional way of living.2) Combination of the fact that American culture was becoming more liberal and there was growth of self-conscience of conser vative Protestants has become the basis for rise of â€Å"the right Christians† [Bruce.S., 2011]. On the other hand, Bruce shows that mobilization of resources has not led to any more or less considerable victory on the legislative level and even more failure there has been when they tried to reverse all alterations in the life preferences of common Americans. Percent of women engaged in full working day out of home has increased; divorces became more common; â€Å"living in sin† became everyday practice and the phrase has fallen into disuse; women started to participate in the social life more actively, etc.In other words, trend for secularization remained irrespective to the attempts of the right Christians to reverse it. Bruce replies on critiques as for the secularization theory on behalf of the supporters of thesis about â€Å"exclusivity of America†. If the USA are exclusive in some way, it is just owing to the fact that secularization process takes place more slowly there (owing to the huge emigrant communities, absence of strict centralization, etc.). Of course, the United States remain more religious than Europe, but at the same time, they are less religious than 50 years ago. First of all, there are evidences that Christianity lose power, prestige and popularity in the USA. Secondly, Christianity becomes more and more secular. As for the third, despite definite influence of the â€Å"right Christians† on social life, they did not manage to achieve considerable success in attempt to reverse the tendency according to which religion could become more marginal in the role of social system functioning. According to Bruce, America is one of the most religious countries. Though, it can be explained as about 10% of the USA population is immigrants in the first generation. Such people came from religious countries such as Mexico, Asian countries, etc. Moreover, initially America was considered to be secularized country on the macro level as there was freedom of religion.3) The USA is one of the few countries where many faiths – denominations exist. Seeds of American religious freedom were sown at the end of the colonial period when growing hostility to the Church of England and understanding of the availability of many entrenched beliefs prompted politicians to find a solution that would exclude the privileged position of one religious group over another. As a result, there was a separation of church from the state that was realized in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and later in constitutions of all states. Freedom of religion became the basis of religious pluralism and high degree of religious tolerance.Macintosh and Alston tried to reproduce the original study of Lenski and found very little difference between Protestants and Catholics in respect of family devotion and participation in voluntary organizations. Protestants and Catholics who increasingly demonstrated commitment to their c hurch had a wide range of interests and matter outside the church. Though, sociologists strive to separate religion influence from other factors, some of them essentially influence the people’s views. Some people visit church because they deeply believe in God, some because of a habit and the third ones are attracted by the beauty and atmosphere of peace reigning in the church. On the other hand, there are deeply religious people who do not go to church. If to see religion from the other point of view and take into account personal beliefs, one may see that in the USA there are a number of citizens whose religious beliefs are higher than in any other industrialized country. There is a kind of civil religion according to which America is â€Å"the Promised Land† to which God led the oppressed people of Europe just as he helped the Jews to leave Egypt. Americans swear allegiance to one nation. Many ceremonies begin with a prayer and even the inscription on the U.S. dolla r claims that â€Å"we believe in God†. Recently fighters for freedom of religion call for the extension of civil religion. They seek to revive the reading of prayer in public schools.4) It is quite hard to tell whether secularization is a good or bad thing as it differently influences the life of each and every person. As it is known, religion has always had a great impact on the social life of people as a kind of way to control it. With appearance of new technologies, the role of religion started to decrease. But what if once people could stay without definite help of the state? Maybe then the return of religion would take place? Maybe if there were no factors causing secularization, there would be no such trend as itself. This is the question that is worth thinking.Hypothesis of secularization that appeared in the middle of XX century shows that with the time, religion would be forced out of life of the society by science and technologies. The softer version of this hypoth esis is that religion would not disappear totally, but it will lose its influence. According to this point of view, reticence or negative depiction of the religious figures and practices in the mass media are the external signatures of secularization. Many researchers who adhere to the secularization hypothesis point that it raises the whole range of social and psychological problems leading to apathy, cynicism, excessive desire for acquisition and consumption of material goods at the expense of spiritual values. Secularization contributes to wide spreading of atheism in its different forms.Till the end of XX century secularization hypothesis was rejected by the number of scientists as it contradicts to the following tendencies:There is still interest in religion and low level of atheism even in the countries with high level of the science and technologies development (e.g. the USA);Tendencies in the modern religion have not changed since the old times;Secularization in the regions with low level of religiosity is anomaly and caused by unusual social and cultural factors.In general, existential questions are eternal and their solution is always outside the rational definition. That is why there would always be place for religious answers in the human experience. As a result, it may be said that religion is still existing and developing and besides, secularization has its boundaries.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

The eNotes Blog Do Cool Stuff Quirky How-To Books

Do Cool Stuff Quirky How-To Books Its astonishing when people say theyre bored in 2016. There are thousands of activities we could pick up,  or trips we could embark on. Even on the rainiest, coldest, grossest of days we could stay inside and read a book, knit a scarf, build a model ship,  or maybe even carve our own rocking horse Wait a minute? Do you not know how to do these things? Fear not! The following list is comprised of   an assortment of how-to books detailing some interesting and genuinely fun- if a little offbeat- activities and hobbies. *Disclaimer: some of the following are best done outside, in fact, some are downright dangerous to take indoors. 🙂 Paragliding Paragliding,  A Pilots Training Manual  by Mike Meier Have you ever looked out over a scenic area and seen people floating along, supported by weird, almost cylindrical parachutes? If so, you at least have a working, visual knowledge of what paragliding is. If you have not seen this phenomenon in action, you are now at least familiar with that extremely layman description. This instructional piece is a comprehensive guide to the practice of paragliding for beginners. In a most reassuring and methodical way, Meier lays out the fundamentals in writing and diagram form. Additionally, the book comes with a bonus DVD (for the visually oriented) with follow along visuals to assist your learning and build your confidence. Making Artisan Breads at Home Artisan Bread in Five Minutes a Day: The Discovery that Revolutionizes Home Baking  by Jeff Hertzberg Nothing is  more important to a fantastic sandwich than the bread that goes into it. How many times have you sat down to a great dinner that has been drastically been improved by a crusty and somehow simultaneously chewy, buttery piece of garlic bread? How often has your life been improved by by the smell of toasting toast in the morning in accompaniment to your morning coffee/tea? Hertzberg makes the steps  to amazing bread simple with only five minutes of active prep to the so-called master loaf from which all other recipes are based. This book houses chapter after chapter about everything you ever wanted to know about the art of making bread. You get a comprehensive guide on ingredients, tools, tips, tricks, oven specificities, and more in an easy-to-read, easy-to-follow book about bread. Follow up all of this overwhelming information with recipes from all over the world and get yourself to a kitchen. Running Now to burn  off all of the carbs you ate when  learning how to bake the perfect bread. The Competitive Runners Handbook: The Bestselling Guide to Running 5ks to Marathons  by Bob and Shelly-Lynn Glover Even the most seasoned runner will find that there is always (always) more to learn about running. Honestly, running seems pretty straightforward: its like walking, but faster. However, something a  beginning runner may not consider is what goes into training for a specific distance. Its one thing to hit the trail/treadmill/track and run until youre tired  (or  you feel like youve justified  eating another slice of your homemade bread) and another thing entirely to set out with the mindset of eventually covering 26.2 miles without a vehicle. The Glovers guidebook to running lays it all out there for you: in the book you are given charts to fill out your specific goals along with guidelines for achieving aforementioned goals. Specific workouts are provided ranging from how to increase speed and stamina as well as pure strength training. If youre planning a race on a certain date, the book can tell you exactly when to start your training and when to start your tapering (it also defines what it means to taper your training and how to go about it). Knitting Vogue Knitting: The Ultimate Knitting Book  by the editors of Vogue Knitting Magazine If its written by the authors of Vogue Knitting its bound to be a solid guide to knitting. Inside this colorfully written instruction manual, you will read the tips and tricks of more than fifty knitting experts from all over the world. Readers are offered guidance about different kinds of yarns, needles, tools, basic techniques, basic terminology, and more. At the back of the book, you are provided illustrations and diagrams that are self-explanatory and assist in the creation of your own designs. This book is a wonderful guide to help a beginning-to-advanced knitter attain inspiration and the tools necessary for living out that inspiration; no longer will knit one, purl two be a meaningless thing people-in-the-know say about yarn manipulation. Besides, youre tired now from all that running and bread-baking. Woodcarving The Complete Book of Woodcarving: Everything You Need to Know to Master the Craft  by Everett Elenwood (even his name is dedicated to his craft) Note that the title does not say Some Things You Might be Interested in Learning to Have a Working Knowledge of This Craft. No, it promises to teach you  everything you  need to know to  master woodcarving. If thats not enough to interest you, you must not be invested in carving hunks of wood into intriguing and useful tools/objects. Written in very clear and concise language, Elenwoods guide walks the reader through nine step-by-step carving guides. Not only are you given instructions on these specific projects, but readers are also offered bright and detailed photos that inspire even the most menial projects to look fun and interesting. Like many of the best how-to books, this particular work is written to satisfy all skill levels from beginner carvers, to the well-versed woodworkers looking for new projects. Spatially-Conscious Farming Maximizing Your Mini Farm: Self-Sufficiency on 1/4 Acre  by Brett L. Markham Having the knowledge that allows you to farm in a confined amount of space is a skill that may prove extremely useful at some point in the foreseeable future. That said, theres no need to panic about the state of food in this country, but its a well-known fact that the produce in this country can be full of pesticides, we dont know where its coming from, maybe a consumer doesnt like GMOs, or all of the above. Its also a fact that growing your own food is budget-friendly. Markham provides instructions on how to create a legitimately productive farm on 1/4 acre  or less by giving you information about ideal produce options, amount of sun required, soils, etc. He goes further and makes the claim that the food produced on your new, pint-sized farm can provide up to 85% of food for a family of four (and the possibility of selling some of the leftovers). Pretty Much Anything Show Me How: 500 Things You Should Know Illustrations for Life from the Everyday to the Exotic  by Derek Fagerstrom The above list is far from extensive; its a collection of a few, widely ranging activities that a person might someday wish to attempt. This guide, on the other hand, has a lot of everything that you might someday wish to attempt, from hog-tying to flirting with emoticons (seriously). Not only is the content fascinating, but so to is how it is presented. Unlike most guidebooks,  500 Things is concocted almost entirely out of images and diagrams, with no pesky words getting in the way of the action. Not only is this how-to equal parts instruction and a fine example of modern-day graphic design, but the vivid colors are oddly inspirational and really make you want to get out there and get crafting- or flirting, or lacing corsets, or making the perfect Caprese salad.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Tourism Policy of West London Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism Policy of West London - Essay Example At the same time, the sustainable tourism policy says local people are partners in the revenue of tourism because they have to maintain the culture and heritage of the place to make it an attraction. Developmental policy focuses on the ecological and financial development of the society. It is necessary to take this perspective while forming the policy as a socio-economic factor, development, tourism, and sustainability are all interlinked. In London, tourism supports the economy, and generates jobs. The important tasks detailed by the Mayor say it all. He reiterates that London's economy should continue to be successful and only then, could it be distributed. It is a long term sustainable success dealing with the climate change and its necessities. "All Londoners must participate in this success. Not only for social justice but because without it the quality of life in the city will deteriorate and the consensus for London's internationalisation will break down" http://www.lda.gov.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.1886 It is possible to present a vision with the right perspective of development, cultural atmosphere and socio-economic parameters because they are the main factors that govern tourism and its development. Cultural background is necessary to develop, retain and to present as an attraction, while socio-economic parameters are necessary for benefit and improvement. Development of London with the impending Olympics cannot develop without a vision of its own. What is tourism visioning Provide an example of a vision statement from your policy document. (Note it may be necessary to read between the lines if this is not immediately obvious) Why is it necessary to undertake such an exercise Tourism visioning has the social and economic conditions of the region in mind, while keeping the cultural perspective intact. It is more of eco tourism that sustains the tourism industry, but maintains the eco balance of the state, by not harming the tourist attractions or the region in any way and it will also combat the global warming. The Mayor's vision of London tourism says: "To develop London as an exemplary sustainable world city, based on interwoven themes: strong and diverse, long-term economic growth; social inclusion to give all Londoners the opportunity to share in London's future success; fundamental improvements in London's environment and use of resources. A Prosperous City: Making London a more prosperous city with strong and diverse economic growth. A City for People: Making London a better city for people to live in. An Accessible City: Improving London's transport and making it accessible to disabled users, women, children and the elderly; making the most sustainable and efficient use of the space in London; encouraging intensification and growth in areas of need and opportunity" A Fair City: Promoting social inclusion and tackling deprivation and discrimination A Green City: Making London a more attractive, well designed green city" . It is necessary because London must have better economic growth to remain a prosperous city and it has to remain eminently habitable without any adverse effects of tourism. It should be internally and externally suitably linked for all

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Critical Appraisal of a Clinical Guideline Essay

Critical Appraisal of a Clinical Guideline - Essay Example It is against this backdrop that this essay is seeking to critically review and appraise the research undertaken by Chan, Lopel And Chung. Research Design The aim of the research was stated as â€Å"to investigate the perceptions of coronary heart disease among a sample of Hong Kong Chinese people.† Qualitative study was conducted using focus group interviews. To a very large extent, qualitative research has been endorsed as a very appropriate research methodology for social rather than scientific researches. Since this research was set out to find the perceptions of people about a health related issue, it could be concluded that this is a social research. To this effect, it is right the qualitative research was used. Ereaut (2011) notes that â€Å"Qualitative research seeks out the ‘why’, not the ‘how’ of its topic through the analysis of unstructured information – things like interview transcripts.† This also means that the choice of i nterview as a research design was appropriate since the research method was a qualitative research method. These two points not withstanding, in relating the research design, which was group interview to the aim of the research, it could be said that the researchers could have resorted to one-on-one interview instead of group interview. This is because the research aim focused on finding the perception of people on the coronary heart disease. In a situation like this where people’s perception are sort in a group interview, it is likely that the view, ideas and perceptions of some people would be influenced by others in the same interview group and would therefore undermine the core aim of the research, which is to find the individual perception of people. Sampling The researchers clearly stated the recruitment method or strategy used saying that â€Å"Convenience and snowball sampling methods were used† (Choi et al, 2010). They also explained how the participants were selected stating that â€Å"The LRP participants were recruited from the public domains; Participants in the MRF and MI groups were recruited from one cardiac rehabilitation and prevention centre in the community-based hospital† (Choi et al, 2010). Again, the researchers were clear on why the participants recruited were the most appropriate for the study. To this effect, they wrote that â€Å"The LRP participants had three or less CHD risk factors; The MRF participants had four or more CHD risk factors with or without a history of CHD, and the MI participants had a medical diagnosis of MI† (Choi et al, 2010). Relating the recruitment strategy to literature, Treweek et al (2010) explain that there should be sufficient participants for the research. In this direction, it can be said that the researchers were right in choosing to pick participants from as many as three different quarters. Again, Treweek et al (2010) posit that it is appropriate that â€Å"participants kn ow which treatment they are receiving in the trial, rather than having some of them receive a placebo or dummy intervention to mask this.† In this area also, it could be said that the researchers took the right step because it was clearly stated that â€Å"Each eligible participant recruited was given detailed explanation of the nature and purpose of the study. They were also informed that participation was on a voluntary basis and that they could withdraw from the study at any time.†

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Kao Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kao Corporation - Case Study Example The older women consider the ease of use of diapers as a means of escape for the young mothers from working hard for their children (Kao Corporation 4). They consider the use of old clothes worn by the mothers as cloth diapers as a method of bonding between the mothers and the babies (Kao Corporation 3). This is especially true of the rural areas where, due to the joint family system, the older generation of women are actively involved in decision making concerning the younger couples (Kao Corporation 4). The fathers, on the other hand, are not involved with baby care as much as the ladies (Kao Corporation 4). Most of the diaper use is limited to the big metropolitan areas of Japan, like Tokyo (Kao Corporation 4); however, even in such markets, only fifteen percent of the potential households use disposable diapers (Kao Corporation 4). Other reasons of decreased use include the low quality of the diapers which can cause rash, high prices, cumbersome packaging requiring a lot of stora ge space, and diaper misfits with regard to baby size (Kao Corporation 5). When P & G launched their diaper brand, Pampers, in Japan in 1977, they faced several challenges and problems in marketing and sales, although still securing the majority of the market shares for diapers (Kao Corporation 1). The initial product quality of the Pampers was low, as they leaked and were not absorbent enough (Kao Corporation 5). This resulted in skin rash to the babies (Kao Corporation 5). Another reason for leaking was the inappropriate size of the diapers as compared to baby size, the size of the Pampers being often larger than was suitable, so that it was unable to fit, and so leaked (Kao

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Art Paper Essay Example for Free

Art Paper Essay The picture shows a tree almost completely bare of its leaves. Shot vertically from an upward perspective, it is set against a clear but dusky sky. The slender reddish-gray tree features a slight elbow-like stump near the base, suggesting an initial angled development before growing up straight. The main branches forks from around the tree, as the lesser and fine branches appear to swing around and entangle in the crown area. The bark of the tall trunk itself is rather smooth and the fine branches on top seem dainty and struggling for new foliage. Beneath, the stump and the visible area below it appear hazy, as these spots obviously form closest to the camera lens that took the photograph. The picture juxtaposes the shadowed underside of the tree branches against a dim bluish sky. Bibliography Perspective_Tree.jpg (Picture). Index of /~jpadley/Images/Mindy_Sarah. Gonzaga University. 2006. Retrieved 1 Dec.1. http://barney.gonzaga.edu/~jpadley/Images/Mindy_Sarah/ Perspective_Tree.jpg.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Victim Profiling Is A Subject Criminology Essay

Victim Profiling Is A Subject Criminology Essay Victim profiling is a subject that has continued to attract a lot of public imagination. Many investigators have studied human behavior and crime in the broad context of victim profiling. Currently, victim profiling is not a subject that can be viewed secretively as a mysterious technique employed by the U.S police force when seeking to solve crime. Its main objective is to understand a crime from both the victim and perpetrators perspectives. It involves both investigative psychology and crime scene analysis. The subject has also received a lot of media attention as a technique employed by the police. As the police try to ensure public safety, they will use several tools to apprehend criminals. Despite the tremendous advances made in victim profiling, the technique is characterized with various problems. Victim profiling systems needs to be improved to ensure it provides accurate and reliable information. It should be noted that if victim profiling is improved and properly implement ed, it will continue to be a valuable and exciting scientific tool for criminal investigations. Keywords: Victim profiling, criminal investigations, crime scene Victim Profiling Victim profiling can be defined as a set of approaches and techniques used to predict the characteristics of an unidentified offender through investigating and analyzing the evidence obtained from the scene of crime. By analyzing the scene of crime, an investigator aims to understand the personality, demographic and behavioral characteristics of the offender. The characteristics obtained from the crime scene can be used to identify the behavior patterns of the unknown offender. The paper will address the issue of victim profiling, problems that make it less effective and also provide evidence of ineffectiveness. Finally, it will suggest how these problems can be addressed in order to improve the effectiveness of victim profiling. Victim profiling generally determines the cause and effect relationship aspects between the scene of crime, victim, witness and the offender. The technique is mostly used in crime scenes where the identity of the offender is not known and in serious types of crimes such as murder and rape. The process uses crime scene information to create a psychological portrait of the unknown perpetrator (Muller, 2000). A profiler will take information such as the state of the crime scene, nature of weapons used and what was said or done to the victim to come up with a victim profile. In addition, it can include information such as geographic pattern of the crime, mode of entry and exit from the crime scene and where the offender resides. The real process of victim profiling may differ from one investigator to another depending on ones level of training. However, the aim of the process will still remain the same which is to deduce the personality, physical and behavioral characteristics of the perpetrator (Muller, 2000). It should be noted that a victim profile by itself will not catch a criminal or solve a crime. However, the profile will play a big role in assisting the police in their investigations. A victim profile may not be very accurate in suggesting with certainty the real perpetrator of a crime. Nonetheless, it greatly assists the police by providing the right direction in crime investigation. For instance, when the police have not found any leads in a crime, a victim profile can prove potentially important by suggesting helpful hints which the police may have overlooked. According to Muller (2000), there are some crimes where victim profiling may not be necessary. However, it is very suitable in crimes where the unknown offender leaves behind signs of psychopathology or in situations where the crime scene illustrates some form of ritualistic or violent nature. There are several approaches of victim profiling such as geographic profiling, crime scene analysis, investigative psychology and diagnostic evaluation. Diagnostic evaluation basically relies on clinical judgment. Crime scene analysis approach is the most popular technique of victim profiling and was developed by the Behavioral Science Unit of the American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Crime scene analysis approach relies on deductive reasoning, intuitive thinking and pattern identification done by experienced investigators. On the other hand, investigative psychology relies on behaviorism. It is based on the fundamental principle that the manner in which a crime is committed can illustrate the behavioral characteristics of the offender (Young, 2006). Geographic profiling approach emphasizes on the crime scene location in providing offenders information. The Problems of Victim Profiling Since victim profiling cannot be regarded exclusively as a science, debates have been raised over its effectiveness. There are various methods of carrying out victim profiling. As a result, varied opinions have emerged over which approach is considered the best. Some people question the scientific validity of an offenders victim profile because it is seen that it is hugely based on guess work. For instance, in a murder case, the manner in which a victims body is left can mean various things which may not really be the same considering the many factors that may need to be looked at. Therefore, if victim profiling is not done accurately, it can generate wrong leads and throw off investigations (Young, 2006). Over-generalizations and stereotyping can also impact on the effectiveness of the victim profiling technique. For instance, a cloud judgment may be used to reason that most offenders in rape cases are single men living with their parents. However, this may not necessarily be the case and can lead to creating a false victim profile if the offender turns out to be a married man with his own family. The other problem that hinders the credibility of victim profiling is lack of adequate data or insufficient interpretive capacity (Kocsis, 2007). These problems may fall short in providing a definitive and comprehensive identification of an unknown offender. This can be the case considering the uniqueness of offenders variables such as the modus operandi. The validity of victim profiling has emerged as a major problem. According to Kocsis (2007) the validity of the technique may be questioned since offenders information is based on anecdotal accounts. Despite the usefulness of these accounts, they cannot be confidently relied upon to confirm the validity of victim profiling. Most of these accounts are co-authored by investigators who might be led by typical human psyche of success rather than failure (Kocsis, 2007). As a result, these anecdotal accounts may sometimes lack objective reasoning which may affect the accuracy of the process. Several people have criticized the psycho-investigative techniques currently used in victim profiling. These techniques are based on intuitions/instincts which affects the scientific validity of victim profiling. Another problem in victim profiling that needs to be addressed is the absence of regulation. Due to lack of regulation, several unreliable statements may be made on the media by inexperienced or self-appointed profilers (Kocsis, 2007). Due to lack of regulation, disparities exist in the level of skills required from a profiler. Also, disparities in the skill levels may affect the overall quality of the process. Lack of uniformity is the other problem faced in victim profiling. For instance, the nomenclature used in describing the process lacks uniformity. The process has been referred to in many terms such as victim profiling, criminal profiling, offender profiling, criminal personality profiling and criminal psychological profiling. The reliability of data used in victim profiling is a major issue that affects its effectiveness. The unreliable information relied upon may lead to inaccuracies hence affecting the usefulness of the techniques. The problem of unreliable data affects the reputation of the technique among professionals. Some critiques have argued that victim profiling is based on false typologies not supported by empirical theories. Due to problems associated with its unreliability, it can lead to inaccurate profiles which may derail investigations or may lead to biasness towards a wrong suspect. Evidence of its Ineffectiveness The 2002 Beltway Serial Sniper Shootings that happened in Eastern United States as an evidence of over-generalizations involved in victim profiling. Several victim profiles were made after the shootings. When the suspects were later apprehended, it emerged that the victim profiles had little similarities with the suspects. Another example of over-generalizations in victim profiling is the case of Granny Killer which occurred in Sydney, Australia in 1989(Kicses, 2007).The victim profile identified the unknown killer as a young male of African descent. When the culprit was eventually found, he turned out to be an elderly Anglo-Saxon. Evidence to illustrate lack of uniformity can be observed in the several terminologies used to refer to the process. The process does not have a uniform baseline of defining a serial murder. According to Muller (2000) some people classify a person who has killed two people as a serial murderer. To others, one needs to have killed up to four people to become a serial murder. Therefore, a cut-off point is necessary of identifying whom to label as a serial murderer. Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990) carried out a research to determine the accuracy of victim profiles and the qualitative differences among profilers in a series of cases. The profilers included professional profilers, psychologists, students and detectives. According to the findings, the accuracy of the different profilers varied depending on the case investigated. Profilers were found to be more accurate than other groups in cases of sexual offense. However, the profilers were realized not to be accurate as the detectives in ca ses of homicide. The study also realized that professional profilers wrote more detailed and richer reports than non-profilers (Pinizzotto and Finkel, 1990). This study can act as evidence to show that not just anybody who bears the name profiler has the capability to effectively do victim profiling. Therefore, there is a need for a proper regulation to ensure that only professional profilers with the required set of skills engage in victim profiling. How to Improve victim Profiling Since victim profiling is still developing, its credentialing and regulation needs to be given more focus. This can be achieved through better communication among investigative agencies on better ways of linking the different approaches of victim profiling. Victim profiling practice needs to be incorporated into a professional body to ensure that it is regulated. Such a regulatory body will help ensure that only people with the required set of skills are allowed to do victim profiling. Secondly, more research needs to be done on victim profiling practice. Such research needs to be open to scientific scrutiny to ensure that they provide reliable and accurate information. Currently, victim profiling is regarded more as an art. If more research is done, the practical techniques of the field will be improved by scientific approach. This will ensure that victim profiling delinks itself from using literature based unreliable data to becoming a vital tool in crime investigation. In addition, victim profiling can be improved through development of standards which will provide the process with uniformity. Developing standards of uniformity will ensure that communication problems are reduced through use of common terminology. Also, creation of standards will minimize cases of disparities in the practice which arise due to different methodological procedures. Also, victim profiling can be improved through training and educational requirements for the profilers. Improved training will improve the profilers competency and skill set. As a result, the profiler will be able to avoid biases regarding offenders from influencing a victim profile. Implementation to the System As technology continues to develop, there is a need to integrate modern computer technologies in victim profiling. For instance, the Canadian police have introduced Computer-Based Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (VICLAS) (Young, 2006). VICLAS allows detailed documentation of all solved and unsolved cases of sexual assault, homicide and missing persons. The computer program contains a feature that links various crime databases to improve the analytical capacity of the system. Implementation of such systems among various investigative agencies and the police will improve victim profiling technology. Furthermore, it will give the process a more scientific inclination. The different approaches of victim profiling need to be integrated into an effective tool for predicting criminal characteristics and behavior. Geographical profiling, crime scene analysis and investigative psychology need to be correlated to standardize and conceptualize victim profiling technique. Implementing such developments will increase the validity and reliability of victim profiling. Profilers and investigative agencies need to develop better trust to ensure the success of victim profiling. Profilers and investigative agencies need to share crime scene data to assist in determining the existence of similar cases in surrounding areas. Similarities can be realized through comparing notes on offenders modus operandi and any form of signature left. In addition, profilers need to avoid inductive and indiscriminate profiling and adhere to sound decision making and behavioral science principles. Biasness, personal beliefs and over-generalizations need to be set aside in favor of deductive reasoning. Conclusion Victim profiling is a technique that is still developing and there is a lot that needs to be done. Victim profiling needs to be accurately and reliably in order to be helpful in crime investigations. There are several problems associated with victim profiling such as lack of uniformity, absence of regulation, inadequate information, validity and accuracy concerns. However, the effectiveness of victim profiling can be improved through better training and education of profilers. Also, more emphasis on research is necessary in order to make it more scientific. Furthermore, the technique needs to be professionalized by incorporating it into a professional body to regulate the competency of people who can perform it. Creation of uniform standards in the different approaches of victim profiling, improving linkages between profilers and other investigative agencies, and adoption of modern technologies are other ways of improving the effectiveness of victim profiling.